叉丙酮合成实验的改进

对苄叉丙酮（4-苯基-3-丁烯-2-酮）的合成实验进行了改进。用分子筛固载氟化钾代替氢氧化钠作催化剂,研究了醛酮物质的量之比、催化剂用量和溶剂对产率的影响;确定了最佳合成条件：醛酮物质的量之比为1：4,催化剂（以KF计）与苯甲醛物质的量之比为0.6：1。以甲苯为溶剂于25℃～30℃下反应2h,苄叉丙酮的产率可达80.5,并用同样方法成功地合成了其他的4-芳基-3-丁烯-2-酮。催化剂可回收再生重复使用。     

漆酚金属盐聚合物催化合成丙烯酸正丁酯

采用漆酚－FeCl3-SnCl4聚合物（UR－Fe－Sn）催化剂催化丙烯酸与正丁醇直接酯化合成丙烯酸正丁酯（BA）。研究了合成BA的最佳反应条件：醇与酸物质的量之比为1．3：1，反应温度113－125℃，反应2h，酯化率达90％以上。考虑了UR－Fe－Sn的重复使用性，重复使用5次后，酯化率仍在77％以上，且该催化剂活性可再生恢复到最佳干活性的90％以上。     

原油降凝剂的合成及性能研究

首先合成了丙烯酸高碳醇酯，然后，用其与顺丁烯二酸酐，苯乙烯，醋酸乙烯酯进行了4组分共聚形成原油降凝剂，并进行了聚合条件的研究：当单体物质的量之比为9：1：1：1，用过氧化苯甲酰（或偶氮异丁晴）作引发剂，在60℃反应7h左右，聚合物降凝效果最好。该降凝剂应用在大港油田的原油中添加质量分数为0．2％时，使原油的凝固点下降了17℃。     

尿素甲醇均相催化合成碳酸二甲酯的新方法

研究了以尿素和甲醇为主要原料，用含甲氧基金属有机催化剂和高沸点供电子型溶剂合成碳酸二甲酯的新方法。结果表明，该反应的最优条件为：甲醇与尿素进料比为2，4（物质的量之比），溶剂与尿素质量比为1．0，催化剂用量为0.1mol／L，反应温度为165～175℃，反应压力小于2．0MPa，甲醇补充流速为4mL／min，反应时间为10h。在最优反应条件下，碳酸二甲酯收率超过80％。与已有的碳酸二甲酯合成方法相比，该方法具有转化率高、成本低、不腐蚀设备、工艺路线简单等优点。     

磷钼酸(HPM)催化合成乙酸苄酯的实验研究

以乙酸、苄醇为原料，磷钼酸(HPM)作为催化剂催化合成乙酸苄酯，对催化剂使用的最佳条件和重复使用的效果进行了研究。结果表明：磷钼酸具有很好的催化性能，且当催化剂质量与反应物总质量之比为1．2％、苄醇和乙酸物质的量之比为1：1．3、反应温度为95℃、反应时间2h时，产品收率可达90％以上。     

合成正丁醛1，2-丙二醇缩醛的新型催化剂硫酸氢钠

议NaHSO4为催化剂,对以正丁醛（Ⅱ）和1,2-丙二醇（Ⅲ为原料合成正丁醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛（Ⅰ）的反应条件进行了研究,探讨了醛醇摩尔配比、催化剂用量、反应时间诸因素对收率的影响。实验表明：NaHSO4是合成正丁醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛的良好催化剂。最佳反应条件为：n（醛）：n（醇）=1：3,催化剂用量为反应物总质量的2．5％,带水剂环已烷为15mL,反应时间1h,在上述条件下,正丁醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛的收率可迭71．9％。     

一种新型糖基表面活性剂的合成及其性质

以葡甲胺和正烷基(C12，C14，C16，C18)溴为原料在无水乙醇中反应生成叔胺中间体，葡甲胺：正烷基溴(物质的量之比)=1．008：1，温度78℃，反应时间5h；季铵化反应，叔胺：正烷基溴(物质的量之比)=1：1，100℃下反应3h后，再于130℃下反应2h，对产物结构用红外光谱和电喷雾质谱进行了表征，同时测定了合成产物的季铵盐含量、表面张力和临界胶束浓度等，讨论了结构和性能的关系。     

强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化合成异丁醛1，2-丙二醇缩醛的研究

在强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化剂存在下,以异丁醛、1,2-丙二醇为原料,直接合成异丁醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛．分别研究了反应温度、反应时间、原料配比、带水剂、催化剂用量等条件对合成反应的影响,确定了最佳工艺条件：反应温度90-95℃,反应时间2．5h,n（异丁醛）：n（1,2-丙二醇）=1：1．2,催化剂用量1．5g,带水剂环己烷40mL（异丁醛为0．1mol的情况下）．异丁醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛的收率达到91．16％,产品纯度w（异丁醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛）达到98．5％以上．催化剂不经处理可多次循环使用．该催化剂具有价廉易得、催化活性好、不腐蚀设备、无环境污染等优点．     

二氧化钛负载磷钨杂多酸催化合成苯甲醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛

以自制二氧化钛负载磷钨杂多酸H3PW12 O40／TiO2为多相催化剂，以苯甲醛和1，2-丙二醇为原料合成苯甲醛1，2-丙二醇缩醛，较系统地研究了原料摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响。实验表明：适宜反应条件为n（苯甲醛）：n（1，2-丙二醇）=1：1．5，催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的0.5％，环己烷为带水剂，反应时间1．0h。上述条件下，苯甲醛1，2-丙二醇缩醛的收率为80．7％。     

双邻香草醛希夫碱的结构表征与合成工艺

以邻香草醛和4,4′-二氨基二苯醚为原料,合成双邻香草醛希夫碱。通过单因素实验讨论了不同溶剂、反应时间、反应温度和物料物质的量之比对希夫碱产率的影响,并采用IR、1H 和13C核磁、元素分析等手段对产物希夫碱结构进行了表征。希夫碱合成的适宜工艺条件为：溶剂为四氢呋喃,反应温度35 ℃,反应时间1 h,邻香草醛与4,4′-二氨基二苯醚的物质的量之比为2〖DK〗∶1,在此条件下希夫碱产率达到697 %。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with