On the asymmetric distribution of heat loss from the Earth’s interior

Mean heat flows and heat Josses of the Northern and Southern hemispheres are calculated using degree 12 spherical harmonic representation of the global heat flow field (Pollacket al., 1993). Mean heat flows and heat losses of 0° hemisphere and 180° hemisphere, with median lines being 0° longitude and 180° longitude, are also calculated. The mean heat flow of the Southern Hemisphere is 99.3 mW·m^¨, significantly higher than that of the Northern Hemisphere (74.0 mW·m^¨). The mean heat flow of 0° hemisphere (94. 1 mW·m²) is also higher than the value of 180° hemisphere (79. 3 mW·m²). The mantle heat loss from the Southern Hemisphere is 22.1 × 10¹² W, as twice as that from the Northern Hemisphere (10.8 × 10¹² W). The 16.9 × 10¹² W mantle heat loss from 0° hemisphere is close to 16.0 × 10¹² W from 180° hemisphere. The hemispherical asymmetry of global heat loss is originated by the asymmetry of geographic distribution of continents and oceans. The asymmetric distribution of heat loss is a long-term phenomenon in the geological history.     

CSP生产线高速钢轧辊温度场有限元分析

采用有限元软件ANSYS,结合某CSP生产线F4机架工作辊表面温度的实测值,建立轧辊二维温度场模型,对轧辊在轧制过程中的温度和热凸度变化进行研究。结果表明,轧辊在咬入弧区的换热系数为5.8×104 W/(m2·K),在非咬入弧区的水冷等效换热系数为1.1×104 W/(m2·K);在此等效换热边界条件下,使轧辊热凸度达到稳定的烫辊时间约为75min。     

The bulk transfer coefficients and surface fluxes on the western Tibetan Plateau

On the gradient observational data of the atmospheric surface layer from September 1997 to December 1998 collected by two sets of Automatic Weather Station (AWS) installed in Gaize and Shiquanhe on the western Tibetan Plateau, mean surface roughness lengths at the two stations above are determined to be 2.7 and 2.9 cm, respectively. The bulk transfer coefficients each day are computed by the profile-flux method, means of the bulk transfer coefficient for momentum (i.e. drag coefficient) in 1998 are 4.83×10⁻³ and 4.75×10³ at the two stations. The surface fluxes of momentum, sensible heat and latent heat each day are further estimated by the bulk formulas, annual mean of these fluxes is 3.4×10⁻² and 1.8×10²N/m², 73.1 and 67.2 W/m², 15.4 and 2.9 W/m², respectively. The diurnal and seasonal variations are obtained by a composite method and the relationships among the heat transfers between land and atmosphere, plateau monsoon and plateau rain season are also discussed.     

Geothermal measurements in the pilot-boreholes of the china continental scientific drilling

The geothermal measurements in the pilot-boreholes of the China Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) indicate that the temperature gradients in the target area of the deep drilling range from 19 to 26℃/km, which is lower than that (25—30℃/km) for the global continental area and similar to that for the KTB (21—28℃/km). Thermal conductivity measurements for 44 core samples show that the ultra-high pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks have 50% higher thermal conductivity (with a mean of 3.94±1.26 W/mK) than that for the average value of the upper crust. The measured heat flow values vary between 76 and 80 mW/m², higher than that for the global continental area (65±1.6 mW/m²) and the continental China (61±15.5 mW/m²) as well as the adjacent North Jiangsu Basin (68 mW/m²), but lower than that below 1000 m in the KTB (85 mW/m²). The elevated heat flow in the pilot-boreholes can be attributed to the lateral heat concentration due to higher rock thermal conductivity of the UHP belt than that of the adjacent rocks. Lower deep temperature in the target area of the deep drilling can be expected due to the lower measured temperature gradient, which means that the Sulu area is geothermally suitable for continental deep drilling.     

Terrestrial heat flow in Junggar Basin, Northwest China

Based on temperature logs of 117 boreholes and thermal conductivity of 119 rock samples, the first group of 35 heat flow data in the Junggar Basin are presented. The thermal gradients vary between 11.6 and 26.5°C/km, and the thermal conductivity changes from 0.17 to 3.6 W/mK. Heat flow ranges from 23.4 to 53.7 mw/m² with a mean of (42.3±7.7) mW/m². The heat flow pattern shows that heat flow is higher in the uplifts and lower in the depressions. The factors affecting the heat flow and its distribution include basin type, basement structure, sediment thickness, radioactive heat generation, etc. The overall low present-day heat flow in the Junggar Basin reflected its tectonothermal evolution characterized by lithospheric thickening, thrust and fault at shallow crust as well as consequently quick subsidence during the Late Cenozoic.     

城市绿化灌溉对气象环境影响的模拟分析

城市绿地灌溉作为城市重要的水文过程,研究其对城市气象条件的影响有利于提高城市精细化预报并理解城市水循环过程。基于WRFV3. 7. 1模式,选取Noah/SLUCM陆面及城市冠层模型,以2010年夏季一次强烈的高温热浪天气过程作为天气背景,模拟分析了城市绿化灌溉对于中国东部重要城市南京的气象环境的影响。结果显示,绿地灌溉对城市地表能量平衡存在较大的影响。城市地区潜热最大增加45 W/m~2,地表温度最大减小0. 25℃。绿地灌溉对于城市地区边界层内的气温的有降低的作用,在边界层附近下降得最为明显,而边界层以上的温度则略有上升。对于日趋严重的热岛效应,城市绿地灌溉有减弱其强度的作用,在09:00时,可以将热岛强度最大减小0. 25℃。     

Ohmic contact properties of p-type surface conductive layer on H-terminated diamond films prepared by DC arc jet CVD

With the advantages of high deposition rate and large deposition area, polycrystalline diamond films prepared by direct current (DC) arc jet chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are considered to be one of the most promising materials for high-frequency and high-power electronic devices. In this paper, high-quality self-standing polycrystalline diamond films with the diameter of 100 mm were prepared by DC arc jet CVD, and then, the p-type surface conductive layer with the sheet carrier density of 1011-1013 cm?2 on the H-terminated diamond film was obtained by micro-wave hydrogen plasma treatment for 40 min. Ti/Au and Au films were deposited on the H-terminated diamond surface as the ohmic contact electrode, respectively, afterwards, they were treated by rapid vacuum annealing at different temperatures. The properties of these two types of ohmic contacts were investigated by measuring the specific contact resistance using the transmission line method (TLM). Due to the formation of Ti-related carbide at high temperature, the specific contact resistance of Ti/Au contact gradually decreases to 9.95 × 10?5 Ω·cm2 as the temperature increases to 820℃. However, when the annealing temperature reaches 850℃, the ohmic contact for Ti/Au is degraded significantly due to the strong diffusion and reaction between Ti and Au. As for the as-deposited Au contact, it shows an ohmic contact. After annealing treatment at 550℃, low specific contact resistance was detected for Au contact, which is derived from the enhancement of interdiffusion between Au and diamond films.     

取心工具用大尺寸疏水吸油海绵的制备与吸油性能研究

海绵取心工具(取心衬筒)中一种关键材料是高吸油海绵,为了满足钻井取心的使用需求,需要制备大尺寸、超疏水的吸油海绵。利用多巴胺(DA)氧化自聚(以NaIO₄为氧化剂)以及聚多巴胺(PDA)与疏水剂(十八胺,ODA)的反应,采用一步和两步浸涂法对小尺寸(30 mm×30 mm×10 mm)和大尺寸(910 mm×400 mm×10 mm)商用三聚氰胺海绵进行疏水改性;利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察改性海绵的表面形貌,并测定其水接触角和吸油性能。结果表明：改性海绵表面形成了PDA粒子,两步法所得改性海绵的表面粒子细密、均匀;增大DA的质量浓度和提高氧化剂含量,海绵表面PDA粒子增多。确定了海绵改性的最优条件：DA质量浓度为4～6 mg/mL,DA与NaIO₄的质量比为1∶1,海绵在ODA溶液中的浸泡时间为2～4 h。在小尺寸样品研究结果的基础上,将大尺寸海绵在DA溶液中浸泡1 min,在空气中放置2 h,然后与ODA溶液反应4 h进行改性,所得大尺寸改性海绵的表面水接触角为152.6°,10 s时吸油量达90 g/g,并且多次吸油、析油后仍保持较...     

Simulation of a compartment fire using a zone model

This paper presents the zone modeling analysis of a single compartment flashover fire. Two criteria are applied in the model to judge the onset of ignition for different combustibles. By calculating the total received energy through radiation or the surface temperature of the combustible, the fire growth can be quantitatively determined. The improved zone fire model shows the influence of different combustibles upon the fire growth. This model is better than the traditional zone model because the common criteria of flashover, i.e. an upper layer temperature of 600℃ and the heat radiation intensity received by the floor of 20 kW/m^2, have not been applied in it.     

二氧化硅气凝胶的性能受热过程的影响

成功地以水玻璃为硅源,经乙醇溶剂替换及六甲基二硅醚和盐酸的混合液对SiO₂湿凝胶表面基团改性后,常压干燥制备出低密度、高比表面积、超疏水、低热导率的高性能SiO₂气凝胶块体.SiO₂气凝胶在室温至400℃附近具有稳定的疏水性能,460℃附近气凝胶由疏水型完全转变成亲水型.重点研究了室温至400℃之间,SiO₂气凝胶的微观结构和物理性能受热处理过程的影响.SiO₂气凝胶即使经过400℃高温热处理后,仍能保持优异的疏水性能、较高的比表面积和较低的热导率等.     

MFI-type zeolite membrane on hollow fiber substrate for hydrogen separation

High performance MFI-type zeolite membranes on the outer surface of α-Al 2 O 3 hollow fibers were synthesized by secondary growth method using pure silica sol without an organic template. X-ray diffraction was used to characterize the phase structure of both the seed layer and zeolite membrane. The morphologies of the seed layer and zeolite membrane were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The zeolite membrane achieved an extraordinary H 2 /CO 2 separation factor of 10 with a high H 2 permeance of 5.56 10 -7 mol m -2 s -1 Pa -1 at 723 K.     

Recognition of climatic effects of land use/land cover change under global warming

Greenhouse gas emissions and land use/land cover change (LUCC) are two human activities notably affecting climate change. Will temperature and precipitation increase significantly during global warming resulting in more pronounced LUCC climatic effects? Considering the interannual forcing of these two factors, the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM4.0) was used in this study to investigate the importance of climatological background to LUCC impacts. Experiments based on the difference in the background climate, the greenhouse gas concentrations in 1850 and in the present age indicate contrary changes in climate sensitivity through estimations of the radiative forcing associated with LUCC, which are 0.54°C/(W/m²) and ?0.26°C/(W/m²), respectively. Therefore, the background climate appears to play an important role in the regional impact of LUCC, especially at higher latitudes. In addition, global warming predominantly influences snow-albedo feedback in the mid-latitudes, thus determining the impact of LUCC, whereas the regional difference in precipitation caused by global warming is responsible for the differing climate response to LUCC in the tropics and subtropics.     

不同产地鲍鱼的HPLC指纹图谱

建立了鲍鱼的高效液相(HPLC)指纹图谱.研究了不同的预处理方法、流动相组成、最佳检测波长、色谱柱温度等操作因素对鲍鱼指纹谱图的影响,并对不同产地的鲍鱼指纹图谱进行了比较.色谱条件为不锈钢填充色谱柱(Venusil XBP C18,4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);检测波长为210 nm;流动相为乙腈-体积分数0.1%的磷酸水溶液梯度洗脱;流速0.5 mL/min;分析时间70.00 min;柱温30℃.     

Properties improvement of SPEEK based proton exchange membranes by doping of ionic liquids and Y2O3

The membranes of sulfonated poly(etheretherketone) with 65％ sulfonation degree were prepared by doping of Y2O3 and ionic liquids,such as 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole tetrafluoroborate (EB) or 1-butyl-3-me...     

针翅式散热器模块流动传热特性数值优化

为提升中高温电子器件的散热性能,以针翅式散热器模块为研究对象,研究了热管长度、散热器宽度、针翅直径、针翅间距和针翅高度5个结构参数对翅片散热性能的影响,对正交实验设计的16个组合方案下翅片的流动换热性能进行模拟。以努塞尔数Nu、阻力系数f、传热性能综合评价指标(performance evaluation criteria, PEC)和全因子评价Y作为评价指标,在每个评价指标下利用极差分析主要影响因素和挑选出优化组合。结果表明：影响Nu、f、PEC和Y的最主要因素是针翅间距;最佳优化组合为：针翅间距为2.5 mm,散热器宽度为80 mm,针翅直径为1.5 mm,针翅高度为20 mm,热管长度为25 mm,模块温降为16.28℃,热阻为0.265℃/W。     

雷诺数和湍流度对叶片表面边界层转捩和换热特性的影响

为了深入了解涡轮叶片表面边界层转捩特性及其对换热系数的影响,在叶栅风洞中分别测量了进口雷诺数为5×10⁵、6×10⁵和7×10⁵时叶片表面压力分布,并将压力数据加载到边界层计算程序TEXSTAN中,计算了每个进口雷诺数在来流湍流度为3%、5%和7%时叶片表面换热系数分布。结果表明,进口雷诺数增大,压力面转捩点基本不变,吸力面转捩点前移3%~7%相对弧长,换热系数沿叶片型面减小的区域缩短。来流湍流度对压力面流动和换热的影响弱于吸力面,湍流度增大使压力面转捩点前移5%~10%,换热系数增加16%~34%,使吸力面转捩点前移17%~24%,换热系数增加19%~41%。     

Synthesis of glass ceramics from kaolin and dolomite mixture

Cordierite-and anorthite-based binary glass ceramics of the CaO-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ (CMAS) system were synthesized by mixing local and abundant raw minerals (kaolin and doloma by mass ratio of 82/18). A kinetics study reveals that the activation energy of crystallization (Ea) calculated by the methods of Kissinger and Marotta are 438 kJ·mol-1 and 459 kJ·mol-1, respectively. The Avrami parameter (n) is estimated to be approximately equal to 1, corresponding to the surface crystallization mechanism. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that the anorthite and cordierite crystals are precipitated from the parent glass as major phases. Anorthite crystals first form at 850℃, whereas the μ-cordierite phase appears after heat treatment at 950℃. Thereafter, the cordierite allotropically transforms to α-cordierite at 1000℃. Complete densification is achieved at 950℃; however, the density slightly decreases at higher temperatures, reaching a stable value of 2.63 kg·m-3 between 1000℃ and 1100℃. The highest Vickers hardness of 6 GPa is also obtained at 950℃. However, a substantial decrease in hardness is recorded at 1000℃; at higher sintering temperatures, it slightly increases with increasing temperature as the α-cordierite crystallizes.     

A study on multifunction heat pipe type high efficient adsorption refrigerator using compound adsorbent-ammonia

Adsorption refrigeration systems have the advan- tages of environment benign, zero ozone depletion po- tential (ODP) as well as zero global warming potential (GWP) due to the use of natural refrigerants such as ammonia, water, methanol, etc. Adsorption re…     

定侧压下大坝原级配混凝土强度和变形试验研究

利用大连理工大学自行研制改造的液压伺服静动态三轴试验系统进行了不同骨料级配和尺寸的混凝土试件定侧压下的双轴压强度和变形性能试验.试验所用试件有3种:采用大坝原级配最大骨料粒径为80mm的立方体试件以及相应的湿筛混凝土试件,尺寸分别为250mm×250mm×250mm、150mm×150mm×150mm、100mm×100mm×100mm.试验过程中,测得了所有试件两个加载方向的应力和应变,并根据试验结果,系统地探讨了不同级配混凝土在定侧压下的极限强度和变形、应力-应变曲线以及破坏形态的变化规律,发现大骨料混凝土在定侧压下的极限强度和变形能力要比相应的湿筛小骨料混凝土提高更多;最后分别在主应力空间、主应变空间和八面体应力空间建立了不同级配混凝土的破坏准则,为水工大体积混凝土按多轴强度理论进行设计提供了试验依据.     

半固态A356铝合金二次加热温度场有限元模拟

利用大型有限元分析软件,模拟计算了半固态A356铝合金的二次加热温度场·结果表明:在给定铝合金二次加热温度的前提下,线圈电流密度与加热时间成反比,与试样内、外温差大小成正比·当用总截面为40mm×130mm的宽线圈加热时,合适的线圈的电流密度为0 5×107A/m2和0 6×107A/m2,此时铝合金内外温差分别为8 6℃和9 8℃,加热时间分别为31min和21min;当用总截面为20mm×130mm的窄线圈加热时,合适的电流密度分别为0 8×107A/m2和0 85×107A/m2,此时铝合金内外温差分别为8 6℃和8 9℃,加热时间分别为33min和30min·本研究为A356合金半固态...