甲壳素/壳聚糖的应用研究进展

甲壳素是一种极其有前途和极其重要的天然高分子可再生的物质,是不造成环境污染的新型高分子材料.本文全面的综述了甲壳素/壳聚糖的性质和制备以及在食品工业、医药卫生、环境保护、农业和作为功能高分子方面的应用.     

分子进化中性理论的进展

中性理论与达尔文的自然选择进化论有明显的差别。中性论认为在分子水平上覆盖着多数的进化改变，是在连续产生突变时，由于选择中性（即选择相等），使突变得到随机的固定（即小群体内，样本的随机漂变）。还认为在分子水平上，大多数的种内变异（如蛋白质和ＤＮＡ多态）是选择中性或近于中性，它们能够保持在种内是由于突变的产生和随机消失之间的平衡引起的。近年来，ＤＮＡ顺序的研究资料，都有力地支持中性论，如鼠的拟球蛋白基因、鼹鼠的αＡ－晶状体蛋白、流行性感冒Ａ病毒基因，果蝇的核和线粒体基因等。所以，从地球上生命的历史来看，中性进化的改变至少在数量上已超过达尔文自然选择进化的改变。     

Applying genetic algorithms to the study of protein mutation theory

Genetic algorithms were applied to the study of simulation of protein mutation carried out on two_dimensional lattice model; to the study of effects of single mutation and double mutation on protein folding and protein structure stability. It is found that in two_dimensional lattice models, replacement of inner core hydrophobic residue by hydrophilic residue will result in reduction of protein stability; at the same time the number of residues of protein surface relatively grows with increase of protein chain length; and most mutations occur in residues of protein surface, these mutations are all neutral and have no effects on protein natural structure. The two mutations of double mutation are interactive and related to each other.     

树脂碳化产物比表面积的影响因素

利用自行合成的五种有机高分子树脂作为碳化预聚体，系统分析了碳化处理条件对制备的树脂碳粉末材料比表面积的影响，同时还分析讨论了树脂的空间结构和元素组成对树脂碳粉末材料比表面积的影响。实验结果表明，碳化处理温度和碳化处理气氛对制备的树脂碳粉末材料比表面积有重要的影响，后者的影响程度大于前者。同时还发现，具有一维线性结构的有机高分子树脂制备的树脂碳粉末材料比表面积都高于相同碳化处理条件下的三维立体结构的有机高分子树脂制备的树脂碳粉末材料。对比分析了树脂中氧、硫、氮等元素对树脂碳粉末材料比表面积的影响规律，其影响程度为Ｓ＞Ｏ＞Ｎ．综合来看，杂原子对树脂碳化产物比表面积的影响大于树脂空间结构效应的影响。     

中性原子核外电子轨道能级曲线的规律与解释

本文归纳出中性原子核外电子轨道能级曲线的三个规律,并用非相对论量子力学对它们作出了解释。     

水螅细胞层内营养分布动态的研究

以０．０１％中性红溶液标记杆吻虫喂水螅，观察了标记物在水螅细胞层内的分布动态。结果表明，中性红在内胚层细胞呈碱性反应。在外胚层细胞中呈酸以应。被标记的营养物在体轴方向以及在同一个体区的内，外胚层中的分布均不同。本实验与前人用中性红直接活体染色水螅出现的中性红裉色顺序不同。     

Experimental evidence for an alternative to directed mutation in the bgl operon.

The directed mutation hypothesis suggests that some mutations occur more often when selectively advantageous than when neutral or disadvantageous, challenging the principle that the selective value of a mutation does not affect the rate of its occurrence. Mutations in the bgl operon of Escherichia coli have been reported to be a case of directed mutation. E. coli K12 strains chi342LD cannot grow on salicin but derivatives with two mutations in the bgl operon, an excision of IS150 (formally called IS103) from bglF and a point mutation or insertion in bflR, grow rapidly on this sugar. When chi342LD is grown on a medium containing salicin, bglF excision mutants accumulate to a frequency of greater than 1%, even though these mutants are reportedly unable to grown on salicin, and Sal+ double mutants subsequently attain a high frequency. Comparable accumulations of excision mutants and Sal+ double mutants are not observed in the absence of salicin. As salicin is not mutagenic, it has been suggested that excision mutations in bglF might serve only to create the potential for a secondary selectively advantageous mutation. We show here, however, that these double mutants can be accounted for by spontaneous mutation to intermediate genotypes in non-growing populations, coupled with slow growth of some of these intermediates on salicin, which enables their populations to reach a size where secondary mutations allowing rapid growth on salicin become common.     

水雾扩散与大气边界层的数值模拟

利用三维非线性ＰＢＬ方程组,采用工程上实用的湍流［Ｅ－ε］闭合方案,建立了一个高分辨率的ＰＢＬ模式来模拟不同层结下,水雾在流场中的散布,以及对环境湿度的影响．模式中考虑了水雾在流场中的扩散、蒸发,及相变潜热对流场的反馈机制．以某水电站在泄洪过程中水雾扩散为例,模拟了中性、不稳定层结下,对坝内附近环境湿度的影响,结果表明;在中性层结下,在源下风方向１ｋｍ左右的范围内,相对温度改变１％～１．８％．在不稳定层结下,相对湿度在近整个模拟域的范围内有１％～２．６％的改变,改变的范围和程度都比中性层结下大．文中结合该地区复杂的气流场,对结果进行了分析．对水雾扩散过程中潜热反馈对温度场和流场的影响进行了数值试验     

逆转录病毒载体介导的Anti-ras核酶对T24ras转化3T3细胞的抑制作用

突变ｒａｓ基因存在于多种人类肿瘤细胞中,本文将可特异性切割１２位点突变ｒａｓ（Ｔ２４ｒａｓ）之核酶Ｒ８通过逆转录病毒载体导入Ｔ２４ｒａｓ转化的ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３细胞,以期检测核酶在细胞内对其靶基因的作用．结果表明Ｒ８可特异性地切割突变ｒａｓｍＲＮＡ,导致转化细胞生物学特性如细胞形态、生长速度等在一定程度上发生逆转