Two-dimensional spectroscopy of electronic couplings in photosynthesis

Time-resolved optical spectroscopy is widely used to study vibrational and electronic dynamics by monitoring transient changes in excited state populations on a femtosecond timescale. Yet the fundamental cause of electronic and vibrational dynamics--the coupling between the different energy levels involved--is usually inferred only indirectly. Two-dimensional femtosecond infrared spectroscopy based on the heterodyne detection of three-pulse photon echoes has recently allowed the direct mapping of vibrational couplings, yielding transient structural information. Here we extend the approach to the visible range and directly measure electronic couplings in a molecular complex, the Fenna-Matthews-Olson photosynthetic light-harvesting protein. As in all photosynthetic systems, the conversion of light into chemical energy is driven by electronic couplings that ensure the efficient transport of energy from light-capturing antenna pigments to the reaction centre. We monitor this process as a function of time and frequency and show that excitation energy does not simply cascade stepwise down the energy ladder. We find instead distinct energy transport pathways that depend sensitively on the detailed spatial properties of the delocalized excited-state wavefunctions of the whole pigment-protein complex.     

Structural Changes of Water Molecules Upon the Reduction of Quinones in The Reaction Center from Rhodobactery Sphaeroides

1 Results The photosynthetic bacterial reaction center (RC) is a membrane protein complex.The RC is composed of three protein subunits and redox components such as bacteriochlorophylls, bacteriopheophytins,and quinones.The RC performs the photochemical electron transfer from the bacteriochlorophyll dimer through a series of electron donor and acceptor molecules to a secondary quinone,QB.QB accepts electrons from a primary quinone,QA,in two sequential electron transfer reactions.The second electron trans...     

Energy spectra of quantum rings.

Quantum mechanical experiments in ring geometries have long fascinated physicists. Open rings connected to leads, for example, allow the observation of the Aharonov-Bohm effect, one of the best examples of quantum mechanical phase coherence. The phase coherence of electrons travelling through a quantum dot embedded in one arm of an open ring has also been demonstrated. The energy spectra of closed rings have only recently been studied by optical spectroscopy. The prediction that they allow persistent current has been explored in various experiments. Here we report magnetotransport experiments on closed rings in the Coulomb blockade regime. Our experiments show that a microscopic understanding of energy levels, so far limited to few-electron quantum dots, can be extended to a many-electron system. A semiclassical interpretation of our results indicates that electron motion in the rings is governed by regular rather than chaotic motion, an unexplored regime in many-electron quantum dots. This opens a way to experiments where even more complex structures can be investigated at a quantum mechanical level.     

Controlling inelastic light scattering quantum pathways in graphene

Inelastic light scattering spectroscopy has, since its first discovery, been an indispensable tool in physical science for probing elementary excitations, such as phonons, magnons and plasmons in both bulk and nanoscale materials. In the quantum mechanical picture of inelastic light scattering, incident photons first excite a set of intermediate electronic states, which then generate crystal elementary excitations and radiate energy-shifted photons. The intermediate electronic excitations therefore have a crucial role as quantum pathways in inelastic light scattering, and this is exemplified by resonant Raman scattering and Raman interference. The ability to control these excitation pathways can open up new opportunities to probe, manipulate and utilize inelastic light scattering. Here we achieve excitation pathway control in graphene with electrostatic doping. Our study reveals quantum interference between different Raman pathways in graphene: when some of the pathways are blocked, the one-phonon Raman intensity does not diminish, as commonly expected, but increases dramatically. This discovery sheds new light on the understanding of resonance Raman scattering in graphene. In addition, we demonstrate hot-electron luminescence in graphene as the Fermi energy approaches half the laser excitation energy. This hot luminescence, which is another form of inelastic light scattering, results from excited-state relaxation channels that become available only in heavily doped graphene.     

烯丙醇与铜(Ⅰ)络合物的电子结构研究

测定了烯丙醇-铜(Ⅰ)络合物的红外光谱和紫外光谱。用EHM0半经验分子轨道计算法计算了该络合物的分子轨道能级和电荷分布。分析了轨道成份和络合前后π电荷及π键级变化。从而提出烯丙醇-铜(Ⅰ)络合物在催化合成烯丙基正丁基醚中可能的中间过程。     

The native architecture of a photosynthetic membrane

In photosynthesis, the harvesting of solar energy and its subsequent conversion into a stable charge separation are dependent upon an interconnected macromolecular network of membrane-associated chlorophyll-protein complexes. Although the detailed structure of each complex has been determined, the size and organization of this network are unknown. Here we show the use of atomic force microscopy to directly reveal a native bacterial photosynthetic membrane. This first view of any multi-component membrane shows the relative positions and associations of the photosynthetic complexes and reveals crucial new features of the organization of the network: we found that the membrane is divided into specialized domains each with a different network organization and in which one type of complex predominates. Two types of organization were found for the peripheral light-harvesting LH2 complex. In the first, groups of 10-20 molecules of LH2 form light-capture domains that interconnect linear arrays of dimers of core reaction centre (RC)-light-harvesting 1 (RC-LH1-PufX) complexes; in the second they were found outside these arrays in larger clusters. The LH1 complex is ideally positioned to function as an energy collection hub, temporarily storing it before transfer to the RC where photochemistry occurs: the elegant economy of the photosynthetic membrane is demonstrated by the close packing of these linear arrays, which are often only separated by narrow 'energy conduits' of LH2 just two or three complexes wide.     

Emerging local Kondo screening and spatial coherence in the heavy-fermion metal YbRh2Si2

The entanglement of quantum states is both a central concept in fundamental physics and a potential tool for realizing advanced materials and applications. The quantum superpositions underlying entanglement are at the heart of the intricate interplay of localized spin states and itinerant electronic states that gives rise to the Kondo effect in certain dilute magnetic alloys. In systems where the density of localized spin states is sufficiently high, they can no longer be treated as non-interacting; if they form a dense periodic array, a Kondo lattice may be established. Such a Kondo lattice gives rise to the emergence of charge carriers with enhanced effective masses, but the precise nature of the coherent Kondo state responsible for the generation of these heavy fermions remains highly debated. Here we use atomic-resolution tunnelling spectroscopy to investigate the low-energy excitations of a generic Kondo lattice system, YbRh(2)Si(2). We find that the hybridization of the conduction electrons with the localized 4f electrons results in a decrease in the tunnelling conductance at the Fermi energy. In addition, we observe unambiguously the crystal-field excitations of the Yb(3+) ions. A strongly temperature-dependent peak in the tunnelling conductance is attributed to the Fano resonance resulting from tunnelling into the coherent heavy-fermion states that emerge at low temperature. Taken together, these features reveal how quantum coherence develops in heavy 4f-electron Kondo lattices. Our results demonstrate the efficiency of real-space electronic structure imaging for the investigation of strong electronic correlations, specifically with respect to coherence phenomena, phase coexistence and quantum criticality.     

Hidden symmetries in the energy levels of excitonic 'artificial atoms'

Quantum dots or 'artificial atoms' are of fundamental and technological interest--for example, quantum dots may form the basis of new generations of lasers. The emission in quantum-dot lasers originates from the recombination of excitonic complexes, so it is important to understand the dot's internal electronic structure (and of fundamental interest to compare this to real atomic structure). Here we investigate artificial electronic structure by injecting optically a controlled number of electrons and holes into an isolated single quantum dot. The charge carriers form complexes that are artificial analogues of hydrogen, helium, lithium, beryllium, boron and carbon excitonic atoms. We observe that electrons and holes occupy the confined electronic shells in characteristic numbers according to the Pauli exclusion principle. In each degenerate shell, collective condensation of the electrons and holes into coherent many-exciton ground states takes place; this phenomenon results from hidden symmetries (the analogue of Hund's rules for real atoms) in the energy function that describes the multi-particle system. Breaking of the hidden symmetries leads to unusual quantum interferences in emission involving excited states.     

Hybridization of electronic states in quantum dots through photon emission

The self-assembly of semiconductor quantum dots has opened up new opportunities in photonics. Quantum dots are usually described as 'artificial atoms', because electron and hole confinement gives rise to discrete energy levels. This picture can be justified from the shell structure observed as a quantum dot is filled either with excitons (bound electron-hole pairs) or with electrons. The discrete energy levels have been most spectacularly exploited in single photon sources that use a single quantum dot as emitter. At low temperatures, the artificial atom picture is strengthened by the long coherence times of excitons in quantum dots, motivating the application of quantum dots in quantum optics and quantum information processing. In this context, excitons in quantum dots have already been manipulated coherently. We show here that quantum dots can also possess electronic states that go far beyond the artificial atom model. These states are a coherent hybridization of localized quantum dot states and extended continuum states: they have no analogue in atomic physics. The states are generated by the emission of a photon from a quantum dot. We show how a new version of the Anderson model that describes interactions between localized and extended states can account for the observed hybridization.     

在大失谐的双色场中捕陷原子的量子混沌特性

分析了在大失谐条件下捕陷二能级原子与驻波光场和行波光场共同作用时的动力学行为．在经典极限下该系统出现混沌特征，与经典可积情形相对应，其振动态的量子平均能量呈现规则的崩塌．回复特征，在不可积的情形下这种相干性特征将消失．     

[M(S-S)(N-N)]配合物分子内荷移跃迁性能及其影响因素研究

测量了新近合成的配合物[M(S-S)(N-N)]在溶剂吡啶、乙醇和氯仿中的电子吸收光谱,比较了二亚胺上不同取代基形成的镍配合物在DMSO和DMF中的电子吸收光谱.并从分子轨道理论角度探讨了这类配合物电子吸收光谱中主要谱带的电子跃迁特性.着重研究了标题配合物分子内配体间荷移跃迁吸收带(LL'CT)与配合物构型、中心离子、配体取代基电子效应和溶剂极性之间的内在本质关系.     

Sm(Ⅲ)配合物发光特征的荧光光谱和光声光谱的研究

作者运用荧光光谱和光声光谱技术,研究了固体Ｓｍ（ＤＢＭ）３和Ｓｍ（ＳＡＬ）３配合的发光特性,能量传递过程和能级状况,并对配合和中心离子间不同的能量传递途径及能量传递的有效性进行了讨论。     

GaAs高过超能量态电子自旋相干动力学研究

研究了9.6K低温下、本征GaAs高过超能量态电子自旋相干动力学的浓度依赖,发现当光子能量为1.57 eV,载流子浓度增大至2.65×1017 cm-3时电子自旋相干量子拍的相位翻转180°.理论计算表明量子拍的相位翻转为区分轻、重空穴系统提供了重要依据,当载流子浓度大于2.6×1017 cm-3时,量子拍的振幅主要起源于重空穴价带导带跃迁,当载流子浓度小于2.6×1017cm-1时,量子拍的振幅主要起源于轻空穴价带导带跃迁.因而,分别在轻空穴价带导带系统和重空穴价带导带系统实验测量电子自旋相干动力学成为可能,实验数据表明在轻空穴价带导带系统测得的电子自旋相干弛豫时间明显大于在重空穴价带导带系统测得的电子自旋相干弛豫时间.     

钴,镍,铜与磷酰化丙氨酸固体配合物的制备及光谱研究

研究了Ｃｕ（Ｉ）、Ｃｏ（Ｉ）、Ｎｉ（Ｉ）的Ｎ－磷酰化丙氨酸（ＤＩＰＰＡｌａ）固体配合物的制备,并通过元素分析、红外光谱、ＸＰＳ、电子光谱以及热分析等手段对配合物的结构进行了表征．研究表明,Ｃｕ与ＤＩＰＰＡｌａ的羧基形成四配位结构,而Ｃｏ、Ｎｉ则与羧基及水形成六配位结构．热分析实验表明,三种配合物的分解温度相近,但Ｃｕ配合物的分解活化能更高     

配合物单电子转移反应的电子传递系数计算

本文用ＩＮＤＯ／２—ＭＯ法和ＩＡＤＯ法计算了一些过渡金属离子六水合物和六氨合物单电子转移反应的电子传递系数，计算结果与实验值相符，这不仅表明两种计算方法行之有效，还可以根据电子传递系数的计算值和反应速率常数的实验值以求得单电子转移反应自由能变化的热力学函数．     

Isotope-induced partial localization of core electrons in the homonuclear molecule N2

Because of inversion symmetry and particle exchange, all constituents of homonuclear diatomic molecules are in a quantum mechanically non-local coherent state; this includes the nuclei and deep-lying core electrons. Hence, the molecular photoemission can be regarded as a natural double-slit experiment: coherent electron emission originates from two identical sites, and should give rise to characteristic interference patterns. However, the quantum coherence is obscured if the two possible symmetry states of the electronic wavefunction ('gerade' and 'ungerade') are degenerate; the sum of the two exactly resembles the distinguishable, incoherent emission from two localized core sites. Here we observe the coherence of core electrons in N(2) through a direct measurement of the interference exhibited in their emission. We also explore the gradual transition to a symmetry-broken system of localized electrons by comparing different isotope-substituted species--a phenomenon analogous to the acquisition of partial 'which-way' information in macroscopic double-slit experiments.     

利用超导量子电路中的宏观量子相干性测量弱磁场

超导量子电路可以被等效地看作人造原子,其内部能级结构随外磁场而变化.这里根据这些超导量子电路中的宏观量子相干性,设计了一种新型的磁强计.这种磁强计不仅体积小,而且具有低耗散和高灵敏度的优点.正因为此,它在读取诸如超导磁通量子比特等量子纳米设备方面,具有很大的应用前景.     

Temperature-induced dissociation reaction and dynamics of light-harvesting complex Ⅱ isolated from purple photosynthetic bacterium Rps. palustris

Steady-state absorption spectroscopy, circular dichroism, and resonance Raman spectroscopy have been used to investigate the thermal stability of LH2 complex isolated from purple photosynthetic bacterium Rps. palustris. The results show that： 1） upon increasing the temperature, a transition from B800 and B850 to free bacteriochlorophyll （B780） happens; 2） a gradual decrease and disappearance of CD signal in visible region occur; 3） a shift of the frequency, belonging to C=C and C-C stretching vibration, to higher wavenumber takes place. It is suggested that LH2 complex can be dissociated in the presence of B800, B850 and carotenoids simultaneously. Single-exponential fitting on the dynamic decay curves gives the apparent time constants of hundreds of minutes for various pigments.     

光声光谱技术在光合作用研究中的应用

当光照射密闭容器里的样品时,容器内能产生声波,这一现象称为光声效应,光声光谱是基于光声效应的一种光谱技术。由于光声光谱技术本身的特点,光合作用研究领域越来越多地应用该技术研究光合作用的机理,比如：光谱扫描、光声能量储存的性质、环式电子传递、状态转变与爱默生效应、光反应中心的原初光化学过程、光声瞬态研究、环境胁迫等。光声光谱技术在光合作用研究中的应用,开拓了视野,丰富了对光合作用机理的认识。     

Quantum Chemical Calculation of the Effect of Second Ligand on Luminescente Propertise of Eu3+,Tb3+ Organic Complexes

The calculation of binary and ternary Eu3+ and Tb3+ complexes such as Eu(DBM)3, Tb(ACA)3, Eu(DBM)3 Phen and Tb(ACA)3 Phen, were performed with quantum chemical INDO approach. On the basis of the triplet state energy level of ligand, the matching condition of the excited state level of RE3+, the conjugated energy of ligand, the atom net charge, Mulliken Overlap , the advanced linear orbital energy and the electronic totai energy etc, the reason that the luminescent properties of ternary Eu3+ and Tb3+ complexes are better than those of binary completes was initially interpreted. It is consistent with the experimental data.