An ABC transporter with a secondary-active multidrug translocator domain

Multidrug resistance, by which cells become resistant to multiple unrelated pharmaceuticals, is due to the extrusion of drugs from the cell's interior by active transporters such as the human multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein. Two major classes of transporters mediate this extrusion. Primary-active transporters are dependent on ATP hydrolysis, whereas secondary-active transporters are driven by electrochemical ion gradients that exist across the plasma membrane. The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter LmrA is a primary drug transporter in Lactococcus lactis that can functionally substitute for P-glycoprotein in lung fibroblast cells. Here we have engineered a truncated LmrA protein that lacks the ATP-binding domain. Surprisingly, this truncated protein mediates a proton-ethidium symport reaction without the requirement for ATP. In other words, it functions as a secondary-active multidrug uptake system. These findings suggest that the evolutionary precursor of LmrA was a secondary-active substrate translocator that acquired an ATP-binding domain to enable primary-active multidrug efflux in L. lactis.     

Structure of a bacterial multidrug ABC transporter

Multidrug transporters of the ABC family facilitate the export of diverse cytotoxic drugs across cell membranes. This is clinically relevant, as tumour cells may become resistant to agents used in chemotherapy. To understand the molecular basis of this process, we have determined the 3.0 A crystal structure of a bacterial ABC transporter (Sav1866) from Staphylococcus aureus. The homodimeric protein consists of 12 transmembrane helices in an arrangement that is consistent with cross-linking studies and electron microscopic imaging of the human multidrug resistance protein MDR1, but critically different from that reported for the bacterial lipid flippase MsbA. The observed, outward-facing conformation reflects the ATP-bound state, with the two nucleotide-binding domains in close contact and the two transmembrane domains forming a central cavity--presumably the drug translocation pathway--that is shielded from the inner leaflet of the lipid bilayer and from the cytoplasm, but exposed to the outer leaflet and the extracellular space.     

一种新型的紫杉烷生物素共轭物的制备

生物素与肿瘤细胞表面的生物素受体结合,通过受体介导的内吞作用将共轭物摄入细胞内,二硫键在肿瘤细胞中能够开链,释放出活性物质,实现靶向性给药,从而大大降低传统化疗药物因缺乏对肿瘤细胞的选择性而引起的毒副作用。用巯基置换的方式,合成含有二硫键的连接链;用将羧酸基团转化为酰肼基团的方法,将生物素转化为生物素酰肼;选用具有抗多药耐药性的含氟紫杉烷SB-T-12854作为细胞毒分子;通过含有二硫键的连接链将含氟紫杉烷化合物SB-T-12854与生物素酰肼进行偶连,形成一种新型的紫杉烷生物素共轭物。     

MHC class II region encoding proteins related to the multidrug resistance family of transmembrane transporters

The T-cell immune response is directed against antigenic peptide fragments generated in intracellular compartments, the cytosol or the endocytic system. Peptides derived from cytosolic proteins, usually of biosynthetic origin, are presented efficiently to T-cell receptors by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, with which they assemble, probably in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In the absence of recognizable N-terminal signal sequences, such cytosolic peptides must be translocated across the ER membrane by a novel mechanism. Genes apparently involved in the normal assembly and transport of class I molecules may themselves be encoded in the MHC. Here we show that one of these, the rat cim gene, maps to a highly polymorphic part of the MHC class II region encoding two novel members of the family of transmembrane transporters related to multidrug resistance. Other members of this family of transporter proteins are known to be capable of transporting proteins and peptides across membranes independently of the classical secretory pathway. Such molecules are credible candidates for peptide pumps that move fragments of antigenic proteins from the cytosol into the ER.     

中药及其有效成分抗肿瘤作用机制研究进展

中药及其有效成分是近年来肿瘤治疗研究的热点之一结合近年来中药及其有效成分在抗肿瘤方面的研究成果,从中药及其有效成分诱导细胞凋亡、抑制血管生成、逆转肿瘤多药耐药等抗肿瘤机制入手,对中药抗肿瘤作用机制进行分析针对目前药抗肿瘤研究的现状及存在的问题加以评述,以期对抗肿瘤中药或有效成分的筛选与临床应用有所裨益.     

用流式细胞术研究PKC及VRP，CsA对多药抗性细胞的调制与逆转

利用流式细胞术检测抗药性细胞内Ｒｈｏ－１２３的荧光强度作为检测抗性细胞抗性程度的指标，研究了蛋白激酶Ｃ（ＰＫＣ）抑制剂Ｈ７，肿瘤促进剂佛波酯（ＴＰＡ）对多药抗性细胞的调节；钙离子通道阻断剂维拉帕米（ＶＲＰ），免疫抑制剂（ＣｓＡ）对多药抗性的逆转作用．测定了抗性细胞细胞膜和胞浆ＰＫＣ活性水平，指出ＰＫＣ可能通过磷酸化细胞膜上的Ｐ－糖蛋白（Ｐ－ｇｐ）来调节多药抗性细胞的抗性水平，并提供了一种筛选多药抗性逆转药物的简便方法．     

人转铁蛋白修饰海藻酸钠载阿霉素纳米微球的制备与表征

通过人转铁蛋白修饰海藻酸钠载阿霉素纳米微球制备一种药物载体,拟解决抗肿瘤药物靶向治疗和肿瘤细胞多药耐药产生的问题.用优化的微乳化-离子交联方法制备包覆阿霉素的海藻酸钠复合纳米微球,以水溶性碳二亚胺为交联剂,将载药微球与人转铁蛋白连接,制备出了人转铁蛋白Tf修饰海藻酸钠载阿霉素纳米微球.结果显示其平均粒径为(170±5.12)nm,外观为圆球型,阿霉素包裹量为11.9%,人转铁蛋白的连接量为42.3%的纳米微球,为解决乳腺癌细胞的多药耐药性提供重要的体外实验基础和科学依据.     

纳米载药体系在肿瘤耐药治疗中的应用研究进展

肿瘤是目前引起人类死亡的棘手疾病之一,虽然通过各种现代化治疗手段使肿瘤患者的预后得到了一定程度的改善,但多药耐药依然是导致肿瘤治疗效果不佳的主要难题。纳米材料是近年来的研究热点之一,具有EPR（enhanced permeability and retention）效应、可控修饰、靶向性等众多优点,在突破肿瘤耐药方面得到了愈来愈多的关注。纳米载药体系在肿瘤治疗中发挥着极其重要的作用,可以成为逆转肿瘤耐药的新方式。从肿瘤多药耐药机制、纳米技术在肿瘤耐药中的应用等方面进行综述。指出今后可在以下方面展开深入研究：1）结合肿瘤耐药机制研究,合理控制药物浓度,克服耐药;2）深入探索纳米载药体系的生物安全问题,优化纳米载药系统,使其避免或降低可能出现的毒副反应,为逆转肿瘤耐药提供更全面的理论依据;3）结合免疫学、光动力学、声动力学等多种方法,提高纳米载药体系逆转肿瘤耐药的效率。     

白花蛇舌草体外对人肝癌多药耐药细胞Bel-7402抗肿瘤活性的研究

目的探讨白花蛇舌草在体外对肝癌多药耐药细胞Bell-7402生长活性的抑制作用.方法 MTT法检测白花蛇舌草提取物对Bel-7402生长的抑制作用,有无逆转Bel-7402的多药耐药性;用淋巴细胞转化实验检测白花蛇舌草提取物能刺激T淋巴细胞增殖,并筛选出药物的安全剂量范围;集落形成实验观察体外抗癌药物的敏感性.结果白花蛇舌草提取物对肝癌多药耐药细胞Bel-7402的生长具有明显的抑制作用,且这种作用是剂量依赖关系.结论白花蛇舌草提取物在体外对人肝癌多药耐药细胞Be1-7402有抑制作用.     

横纹肌肉瘤多药耐药细胞系RD/VCR的建立

横纹肌肉瘤是一种高度恶性的软组织肿瘤，化疗是最主要的辅助治疗手段．然而，肿瘤细胞对药物产生多药耐药常常导致治疗失败．本实验以长春新碱为诱导剂，在体外成功建立了耐药细胞系DD／VCR，为进一步研究横纹肌肉瘤的耐药机理制作了模型．耐药前后细胞超微结构发生显变化，mdr1及mrp基因，P-糖蛋白及多药相关蛋白的表达与横纹肌肉瘤多药耐药的发生有关。     

Phenotypic heterogeneity of cerebrospinal fluid-derived HIV-specific and HLA-restricted cytotoxic T-cell clones

A variety of clinical syndromes, including AIDS and neurological disorders, may follow as a consequence of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). It is not yet clear, however, to what extent the destruction of lymphocytes and neural cells associated with these conditions is caused by adverse immune responses to HIV-1 or how much is due to cytopathic effects of the virus itself. Here we document the existence of HLA-restricted, HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid of two AIDS patients manifesting neurologic disorders. These cytotoxic T lymphocytes showed dual specificity, recognizing target cells coated with purified HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (gp 120) or inactivated HIV-1 in the context of HLA antigens. Cytotoxic T-cell clones derived from one of the AIDS patients revealed restriction specificities representing both HLA class I and HLA class II antigens. Considerable phenotypic heterogeneity was observed amongst these clones, some expressing conventional combinations of cytotoxic T-cell surface markers, and others displaying unusual phenotypes. The presence of HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in AIDS patients, and in particular in their cerebrospinal fluid, suggests that these cytotoxic effectors may participate in the lymphoid cell and/or neurologic damage observed in such patients.     

Volume-regulated chloride channels associated with the human multidrug-resistance P-glycoprotein.

Expression of P-glycoprotein, the product of the MDR1 gene, confers multidrug resistance on cell lines and human tumours (reviewed in refs 1,2). P-glycoprotein (relative molecular mass 170,000) is an ATP-dependent, active transporter which pumps hydrophobic drugs out of cells, but its normal physiological role is unknown. It is a member of the ABC (ATP-binding cassette) superfamily of transporters, which includes many bacterial transport systems, the putative peptide transporter from the major histocompatibility locus, and the product of the cystic fibrosis gene (the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator, CFTR). CFTR is located in the apical membranes of many secretory epithelia and is associated with a cyclic AMP-regulated chloride channel. At least two other chloride channels are present in epithelial cells, regulated by cell volume and by intracellular Ca2+, respectively. Because of the structural and sequence similarities between P-glycoprotein and CFTR, and because P-glycoprotein is abundant in many secretory epithelia, we examined whether P-glycoprotein might be associated with one or other of these channels. We report here that expression of P-glycoprotein generates volume-regulated, ATP-dependent, chloride-selective channels, with properties similar to channels characterized previously in epithelial cells.     

The yeast STE6 gene encodes a homologue of the mammalian multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein

Mammalian tumours displaying multidrug resistance overexpress a plasma membrane protein (P-glycoprotein), which is encoded by the MDR1 gene and apparently functions as an energy-dependent drug efflux pump. Tissue-specific expression of MDR1 and other members of the MDR gene family has been observed in normal cells, suggesting a role for P-glycoproteins in secretion. We have isolated a gene from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that encodes a protein very similar to mammalian P-glycoproteins. Deletion of this gene resulted in sterility of MATa, but not of MAT alpha cells. Subsequent analysis revealed that the yeast P-glycoprotein is the product of the STE6 gene, a locus previously shown to be required in MATa cells for production of a-factor pheromone. Our findings suggest that the STE6 protein functions to export the hydrophobic a-factor lipopeptide in a manner analogous to the efflux of hydrophobic cytotoxic drugs catalysed by the related mammalian P-glycoprotein. Thus, the evolutionarily conserved family of MDR-like genes, including the hlyB gene of Escherichia coli and the STE6 gene of S. cerevisiae, encodes components of secretory pathways distinct from the classical, signal sequence-dependent protein translocation system.     

丙戊酸诱导多药耐药白血病细胞HL-60／ADR凋亡的研究

目的研究丙戊酸对多药耐药白血病细胞HL-60／ADR的抑制作用及其机制。方法采用MTT比色试验观察丙戊酸对多药耐药细胞HL-60／ADR的抑制作用。采用光镜技术观察细胞形态结构的改变,利用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率。结果（1）丙戊酸能明显抑制HL-60／ADR细胞的生长,药物浓度相当于生药32．65mg／mL时,即具有显著的抑制作用,抑制率呈剂量和时间依赖性,半数抑制浓度0c．50）相当于生药66．44mg／mL。（2）形态学改变呈典型的凋亡特征。（3）丙戊酸能诱导多药耐药细胞HL-60／ADR凋亡,凋亡率也呈时间和剂量的依赖性。结论丙戊酸对多药耐药细胞HL-60／ADR的生长具有极强的抑制作用,诱导其凋亡是其机制之一。     

多通道电化学基因传感阵列用于同时检测AML相关多药耐药基因的新方法研究

本研究筛选并制备高特异性 DNA 探针,与纳米粒子标记技术相结合,设计多通道电化学基因传感阵列检测模式,建立灵敏、快速、简便、经济的AML相关多药耐药基因(MDR1和MRP)检测新方法。该方法具有较好的特异性、灵敏度和重现性,能够在1.0×10-14 ~ 1.0×10-12 M和5.0×10-14 ~ 5.0×10-12 M范围内,分别实现对AML 相关多药耐药基因序列MDR1和MRP的定量检测。该方法有望为预测肿瘤治疗效果和临床制定治疗方案提供参考依据。     

抗阻力训练计划的设计

抗阻力训练越来越受到人们欢迎和重视,大量的研究表明抗阻力训练是提高神经-肌肉功能的有效方法,也是维持和提高个人健康的重要手段。然而设计抗阻力训练方案是复杂的,其中包括对一些重要的训练学参数和一些关键训练原则的合理运用。抗阻力训练方案的效果取决于如何应用这些训练学参数。综述此方面的研究成果,以及抗阻力训练与骨骼肌之间的生理性适应。