SH-SYSH-SY5Y与UU87细胞共培养条件性培养基可降低N-甲基-salsolinol介导THP-THP-1细胞的凋亡

神经免疫在帕金森病(PD)的致病机理中发挥重要的作用,PD患者的外周血淋巴细胞的数量发生了变化,提示外周免疫系统在PD的发生发展中发挥一定的作用。但是外周单核细胞(PBMC)在其中发挥的具体作用尚不清楚。外源性神经毒素(MPTP)类似物,内源性神经毒素(NMSal)可能是导致PD发生的一种因素。研究采用NMSal损伤的SH-SY5Y与U87细胞共培养的条件性培养基培养外周单核细胞THP-1,探讨NMSal损伤的多巴胺能神经元细胞对外周单核细胞的影响。结果表明,该条件性培养基可以降低NMSal毒性诱导的THP-1细胞的凋亡、氧化应激水平(MDA和H2O2)、线粒体的损伤和凋亡相关蛋白FADD、Bax和caspase3的表达和活化水平。PD病人中损伤的多巴胺能神经元与星形胶质细胞的相互作用可能会影响PBMC,进而影响PD病情的进展。     

ADTIQ导致SH-SY5Y细胞凋亡和多巴胺转运体表达降低

新内源性神经毒素1-乙酰基-6,7-二羟基-1,2,3,4-四氢异喹啉(ADTIQ)生成与糖代谢密切相关,可能成为糖尿病并发PD的一个关键因素,但是其神经毒性还不清楚.针对ADTIQ的神经毒性,该研究采用SH-SY5Y细胞为模型,MTT法,Annexin V/PI双染法,Caspase 3/7活性检测细胞存活率和细胞凋亡,Western-blot检测多巴胺转运体(DAT)的表达量.结果表明,随着ADTIQ浓度增大,细胞的存活率逐渐下降,凋亡率增加,同时ADTIQ导致DAT表达降低.研究提示ADTIQ导致多巴胺神经元的凋亡与PD的发生息息相关,糖尿病引起ADTIQ增加,可能成为高糖损伤多巴胺神经元的一个重要原因.     

高糖诱导ADTIQ的生成和多巴胺的代谢失衡

 2 型糖尿病患者比正常人更容易患帕金森病(PD),而新内源性神经毒素1-乙酰基-6, 7-二羟基-1, 2, 3,4-四氢异喹啉(ADTIQ)可能成为2 型糖尿病并发PD 的一个关键因素,ADTIQ 是由丙酮醛与多巴胺反应合成,但是其在多巴胺能神经元中的生成条件,以及在糖尿病情况下ADTIQ 的生成是否影响多巴胺代谢尚不清楚。本研究以SH-SY5Y 细胞为模型,研究ADTIQ 在细胞模型中的生成条件,发现ADTIQ 是在葡萄糖代谢旺盛的条件下,丙酮醛内源性产生与神经元内的多巴胺反应生成。研究揭示,高糖条件下,SH-SY5Y 细胞和2 型糖尿病的大鼠模型中外周多巴胺的质量浓度减少,而与多巴胺合成和转运相关的酪氨酸羟化酶和多巴胺转运体合成增加。可见,高糖能诱导SH-SY5Y 细胞内ADTIQ 的生成和多巴胺代谢的失衡,ADTIQ 的生成可能成为糖尿病并发PD 的关键因素。     

黄芪总皂苷对三氧化二砷诱导H9c2细胞损伤的保护作用

为探讨黄芪总皂苷(ASTs)对三氧化二砷(ATO)诱导H9c2细胞损伤的保护作用及其机制,采用6μg·mL^-1ATO孵育12 h建立H9c2细胞损伤模型.实验设空白组、模型组、ASTs低/中/高浓度组,ASTs组预孵育12 h,弃去含药培养基,继续用6μg·mL^-1 ATO孵育12 h,终止实验.通过CCK-8法检测细胞存活率,Hoechst 33342染色法观察细胞凋亡程度,流式细胞术定量测定细胞凋亡率,RT-qPCR测定Bcl-2、Bax、Caspase-3、Caspase-9表达水平,Western Blot测其蛋白.结果表明：ATO能够显著降低心肌细胞存活率、增加凋亡率(P<0.05);与ATO模型组比较,ASTs各组能显著提高细胞存活率,降低细胞凋亡率(P<0.05),降低Caspase-3、Caspase-9、Bax mRNA表达水平,增加Bcl-2 mRNA表达水平(P<0.05),显著降低细胞中Caspase-3、Caspase-9蛋白表达水平(P<0.05),升高Bcl-2/Bax比值(P<0....     

Ghrelin通过诱导细胞自噬加剧H9c2细胞缺氧复氧损伤

用CoCl₂诱导H9c2细胞缺氧损伤24 h后,再将培养基换成新鲜培养基,以模拟心肌细胞体外缺血-再灌模型,并在此基础上通过ghrelin对细胞自噬的调节来评价ghrelin对心肌细胞缺氧-复氧损伤的调节作用.用流式细胞技术和LDH活性检测细胞凋亡和坏死.WST-1检测细胞活力;DCFH2-DA探针评估细胞内活性氧水平;用Western blotting检测细胞自噬.研究结果表明ghrelin处理的缺氧-复氧损伤细胞活力降低、LDH活性、细胞凋亡、ROS含量及自噬增加,用3MA处理后可明显抑制细胞自噬,并伴随细胞活力的显著升高,因此,ghrelin通过加强细胞自噬加剧了CoCl₂诱导的H9c2细胞缺氧-复氧损伤.     

注射用罗替戈汀微球延缓MPTP致神经元损伤作用探讨

本研究旨在通过模拟持续多巴胺能刺激(CDS)给药方式,评价注射用罗替戈汀缓释微球(Rotigotine Extended-release Microspheres for Injection,RoMS)对帕金森病(PD)小鼠神经元损伤的延缓作用.采用MPTP小鼠PD模型,并随机分为正常组、模型组、左旋多巴组、RoMS组、左旋多巴与RoMS联合给药组,在给药期间进行行为学检测,给药结束后,分析各给药组对氧化应激相关蛋白n NOS、Cyt-C及黑质酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)表达水平的影响.结果表明,RoMS和联合用药组可明显延长小鼠转棒、悬尾、强迫游泳时间,下调黑质中n NOS、Cyt-C的含量,增加TH神经元的表达.本研究说明,RoMS具有抗氧化应激,减轻多巴胺神经元损伤,改善运动障碍的作用,并且在联用低剂量L-DOPA时,可同时发挥协同增效和神经保护作用.     

琐琐葡萄多糖对PC12细胞损伤的神经保护作用

 体外培养PC12细胞,采用20μmol/L β淀粉样蛋白25-35(Aβ25-35)作用24h诱导细胞损伤,建立阿尔茨海默病(AD)细胞模型,研究琐琐葡萄多糖(VTP)对PC12细胞损伤的神经保护作用。设立对照组、模型组和VTP保护组(20,40,80μg/mL),CCK-8法检测各组细胞的存活率,乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)法检测细胞膜通透性及完整性,化学比色法测定细胞内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)含量,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率。结果显示,20,40,80μg/mL VTP可提高PC12细胞存活率,减少LDH渗漏,增加SOD活力,减少MDA含量,降低细胞凋亡率,与模型组比较有显著差异(P<0.01)。由此推论,VTP对Aβ25-35诱导的PC12细胞凋亡和氧化损伤具有明显的保护作用。     

原花青素对鱼藤酮诱导PC12细胞损伤的保护作用及机制研究

帕金森症(Parkinsons disease,PD)是一种老年人群常见的中枢神经系统变性病,因发病率明显上升,其病因与防治策略亟待阐明.文中以多巴胺能神经元模型细胞PC12为材料,以致PD毒性物质鱼藤酮(Rotenone,Rot)处理细胞,检测原花青素(Grape seeds procyanidins,GSP)对Rot引起细胞毒性的防护作用,并探讨其机理.MTT法显示,GSP可减弱Rot对细胞生长的抑制作用,其效果具有浓度和时间依赖性;倒置显微镜观察吉姆萨染色和荧光染料Hoechst 33342染色后显示,Rot处理细胞由平铺多角形变为皱缩,突起回缩,细胞核染色质凝集,部分细胞核碎裂,呈现一定凋亡特征;GSP预处理对细胞和细胞核形态的改变有明显保护作用.DCFH-DA、Rhodamine 123染色后经流式细胞术分析及荧光显微镜观察显示,GSP抑制了Rot所致细胞内活性氧水平升高,同时明显改善Rot引起的线粒体膜电势降低;Annexin V/PI双染分析发现GSP联合处理明显抑制了Rot所致细胞凋亡.结果表明,GSP可能通过降低细胞ROS生成、恢复线粒体膜电势水平而保护细胞,抑制Rot引起的细胞凋亡,可能在防治帕金森病方面发挥作用.     

NaNO_3对人肺A549细胞和大鼠海马神经元的毒性研究

为了研究NaNO3对人肺A549细胞以及大鼠海马神经元细胞的毒性作用,用不同浓度NaNO3(10、30、100、300和1 000μmol/L)分别对大鼠原代培养海马神经元和A549细胞进行24h暴露处理,考察了不同处理组细胞中即早基因c-fos和c-jun以及凋亡基因p53,bax和bcl-2mRNA的表达变化情况。结果显示,NaNO3处理可诱导A549细胞c-fos和c-jun基因表达的增加,bax/bcl-2mRNA比值也呈上升趋势;同时,不同浓度NaNO3可明显上调大鼠海马神经元bax/bcl-2mRNA比值,而对p53mRNA表达无明显影响。由此推断,NaNO3可能会通过刺激即早基因和其下游凋亡调控基因的表达引起肺和脑的损伤效应。     

顺铂对Tca8113细胞线粒体以及内质网凋亡相关蛋白的影响

本文通过探讨顺铂对人舌鳞状细胞癌细胞Tca8113细胞线粒体与内质网凋亡蛋白的影响,探讨顺铂诱导Tca8113细胞发生凋亡的机制。体外培养Tca8113细胞,顺铂(CDDP)作用后,通过MTT检测Tca8113细胞增值率;Western Blotting检测顺铂对Tca811细胞线粒体凋亡以及内质网凋亡相关蛋白表达水平的影响。与对照组相比较,CDDP可以明显抑制Tca811细胞的存活率,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05);Western Blotting结果显示,顺铂可以明显的增加线凋亡相关蛋白Cleaved Caspase-3的表达水平。另外,CDDP可以增加线粒体凋亡相关蛋白Bax的表达,以及内质网凋亡相关蛋白CHOP的表达。顺铂可以诱导Tca8113细胞发生凋亡,其凋亡可能通过线粒体与内质网凋亡信号通路共同发挥作用。     

Inducing dopaminergic differentiation of expanded rat mesencephalic neural stem cells by ascorbic acid in vitro

Ascorbic acid (AA) induced differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) into dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons is reported.NSCs derived from rat mesencephalon were maintained and expanded in a defined medium containing mitogens of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF).Compared with the control, ascorbic acid treatment led to more DAergic neuronal differentiation as indicated by the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporter (DAT), which are specific markers of dopamine neurons.AA induction also enhanced expression of Nurr1 and Shh.PD98059, an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway, could block AA-induced Nurr1, TH and DAT mRNA expression.The results might suggest a new strategy to provide enough dopaminergic cells for the therapy of Parkinson's disease (PD), and Nurr1 and ERK signaling pathway might participate in the AA-induced DAergic differentiation.     

昆明鼠胚胎干细胞的分离培养与鉴定

目的：从昆明系小鼠的早期胚胎分离和培养胚胎干细胞(ES细胞)．方法：收集小鼠3．5d胚龄的囊胚，将其培养在小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞饲养层上，5—6d后取隆起生长的内细胞团块分离后再培养，观察集落的生长情况并通过碱性磷酸酶染色、原位杂交、细胞核型分析等对细胞集落进行鉴定．结果：KS细胞集落性生长，符合小鼠胚胎干细胞的一系列特性．结论：昆明系小鼠囊胚在胚胎成纤维细胞饲养层上可以发育成ES细胞，并能进行传代培养．     

Amygdala intercalated neurons are required for expression of fear extinction

Congruent findings from studies of fear learning in animals and humans indicate that research on the circuits mediating fear constitutes our best hope of understanding human anxiety disorders. In mammals, repeated presentations of a conditioned stimulus that was previously paired to a noxious stimulus leads to the gradual disappearance of conditioned fear responses. Although much evidence suggests that this extinction process depends on plastic events in the amygdala, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Intercalated (ITC) amygdala neurons constitute probable mediators of extinction because they receive information about the conditioned stimulus from the basolateral amygdala (BLA), and contribute inhibitory projections to the central nucleus (CEA), the main output station of the amygdala for conditioned fear responses. Thus, after extinction training, ITC cells could reduce the impact of conditioned-stimulus-related BLA inputs to the CEA by means of feed-forward inhibition. Here we test the hypothesis that ITC neurons mediate extinction by lesioning them with a toxin that selectively targets cells expressing micro-opioid receptors (microORs). Electron microscopic observations revealed that the incidence of microOR-immunoreactive synapses is much higher in ITC cell clusters than in the BLA or CEA and that microORs typically have a post-synaptic location in ITC cells. In keeping with this, bilateral infusions of the microOR agonist dermorphin conjugated to the toxin saporin in the vicinity of ITC neurons caused a 34% reduction in the number of ITC cells but no significant cell loss in surrounding nuclei. Moreover, ITC lesions caused a marked deficit in the expression of extinction that correlated negatively with the number of surviving ITC neurons but not CEA cells. Because ITC cells exhibit an unusual pattern of receptor expression, these findings open new avenues for the treatment of anxiety disorders.     

Isolation and purification of BVⅠ-2H from bee venom and analysis of its biological action

The medical use of bee venom for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has a very long tradition. In this study, isolation and purification of polypeptides from bee venom were carried out on sephadex chromatography, heparin sepharose CL-6B chromatography and HPLC. Several fractions were extracted, and their effects on activation of splenocyte and THP-1 cell were studied. The inhibitory fraction was selected for further studies. Finally, BVⅠ-2H that the HPLC elution profiles was a single peak was isolated by C8 column. ESI- MS detection results showed that BVⅠ-2H was a fraction of bee venom, and the molecular weight of the major component was 644.8. BVⅠ-2H could inhibit ConA-induced splenocyte proliferation, IL-1 production and interfere with splenocyte cycle in mice. Moreover, BVⅠ-2H could inhibit PMA-induced TNFa production in THP-1 cells, which was due to its inhibitory effects on TNFa mRNA expression and protein phosphorylation of IkBa. Our studies indicated that BVⅠ-2H was one of the anti-inflammatory components of bee venom.     

Long-term culture of murine erythropoietic progenitor cells in the absence of an adherent layer

Replication of multipotential stem cells in long-term murine bone marrow cell culture is known to depend on the development of an adherent stromal cell layer. In these conditions, restricted haematopoietic progenitor cells have also been generated for up to several months1-3. However, maturation is observed only in the granulocyte/macrophage and megakaryocyte lineages; erythropoiesis appears to be blocked at the earliest burst-forming unit (BFU-E) stage. Addition of exogenous erythropoietin (Epo) or anaemic mouse serum results in full erythropoietic maturation, but it is transient. We describe here a culture system in which production of erythropoietic progenitor cells can be maintained for over 6 months in the absence of an adherent stromal layer and in the absence of added Epo, but in the presence of pokeweed mitogen-stimulated spleen cell conditioned medium (PWSCM). The data indicate that restricted erythroid progenitor cells exist which are capable of extensive self-renewal.     

HCV感染通过Erk信号的激活上调PTTG1的表达

 为探讨丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染导致肝细胞癌发生的分子机制,利用前期研究建立的体外HCV细胞培养体系,将HCV JFH-1 RNA转染CD81-Huh7细胞,确定能够获得感染性HCV后,收集HCV转染后10,50,100和150d的细胞,采用Real time PCR及Western Blot法检测不同时间点细胞内垂体瘤转化基因1(PTTG1)基因和蛋白水平的表达情况,同时检测总MAPK/Erk1/2,磷酸化Erk1/2(p-Erk1/2)蛋白的表达。随后,用干扰素抑制HCV的感染,再检测PTTG1及MAPK/Erk1/2的表达情况,以及用MAPK/Erk抑制剂(PD98059)阻断MAPK/Erk 1/2的磷酸化后,检测PTTG1的表达情况。结果显示,HCV转染的细胞与未转染细胞比较,PTTG1的mRNA和蛋白表达均显著增加,p-Erk1/2蛋白显著升高(P＜0.05);抑制HCV感染显著降低PTTG1的表达和MAPK/Erk1/2的磷酸化(P＜0.05);MAPK/Erk1/2抑制剂显著降低了PTTG1基因和蛋白的表达(P＜0.05)。体外HCV感染可以导致MAPK/Erk信号通路的磷酸化,进一步导致原癌基因PTTG1的表达增加,这可能是慢性HCV感染导致HCV相关性肝细胞癌发生的分子机制之一。     

蜜环菌β-1,6-葡聚糖通过调节人源巨噬细胞极化发挥抑制结肠癌作用

以人源巨噬细胞THP-1诱导的M2型巨噬细胞为模型,研究从蜜环菌中分离纯化出的β-1,6-葡聚糖(AAMP-A70)对其极化影响,并分析AAMP-A70通过调节巨噬细胞极化抑制结肠癌细胞DLD-1增殖的作用及机制.采用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)和实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测AAMP-A70处理前后THP-1诱导的M2型巨噬细胞中M1型和M2型巨噬细胞标志物表达情况;将各处理组的细胞培养液处理DLD-1细胞,通过MTT和结晶紫染色检测DLD-1细胞的增殖情况;并通过Western-blot实验检测DLD-1细胞的凋亡蛋白表达情况.实验结果表明：AAMP-A70可显著下调M2型巨噬细胞标志物VEGF,Arg-1,TGF-β的表达,促进M1型巨噬细胞标志物TNF-α,IL-1β,CCR7的表达;AAMP-A70处理组细胞的培养液可显著抑制DLD-1的增殖,且呈浓度依赖趋势;AAMP-A70处理组的细胞上清液可诱导DLD-1细胞中表达的cleaved-PARP和cleaved-Caspase-3上调.     

Generation of tetraploid complementation mice from embryonic stem cells cultured with chemical defined medium

Mouse embryonic stem cells(mESCs)derived from inner cell mass(ICM)of pre-implantation embryos,can maintain undifferentiated state when cultured in N2B27 medium supplemented with GSK3inhibitor CHIR99021 and MEK inhibitor PD0325901(‘‘2i’’)and leukemia inhibitor factor(LIF).Compare to conventional culture medium,all components of this medium are defined.With the N2B27 medium,‘‘2i’’and LIF,mESCs can contribute to the germline of the chimeric embryos,however,whether the‘‘all-ES cells’’mice can been generated by tetraploid complementation is unclear yet,while the tetraploid complementation serve as a golden standard to assess the pluripotency of ES cells.Here,our study showed that mESCs derived and cultured with the N2B27 complete medium could generate fertile mice by tetraploid complementation.In addition,the survival rate of tetraploid complementation mice produced by inbred mES cell lines is higher than the conventional culture condition,and increased the percentage of Oct4 positive cells contrast to conventional medium either.Therefore,the N2B27 medium supplemented with‘‘2i’’and LIF is an alternative choice forthe derivation and long-term culture of mouse embryonic stem cells.     

Probing sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease using induced pluripotent stem cells

Our understanding of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis is currently limited by difficulties in obtaining live neurons from patients and the inability to model the sporadic form of the disease. It may be possible to overcome these challenges by reprogramming primary cells from patients into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Here we reprogrammed primary fibroblasts from two patients with familial Alzheimer's disease, both caused by a duplication of the amyloid-β precursor protein gene (APP; termed APP(Dp)), two with sporadic Alzheimer's disease (termed sAD1, sAD2) and two non-demented control individuals into iPSC lines. Neurons from differentiated cultures were purified with fluorescence-activated cell sorting and characterized. Purified cultures contained more than 90% neurons, clustered with fetal brain messenger RNA samples by microarray criteria, and could form functional synaptic contacts. Virtually all cells exhibited normal electrophysiological activity. Relative to controls, iPSC-derived, purified neurons from the two APP(Dp) patients and patient sAD2 exhibited significantly higher levels of the pathological markers amyloid-β(1-40), phospho-tau(Thr?231) and active glycogen synthase kinase-3β (aGSK-3β). Neurons from APP(Dp) and sAD2 patients also accumulated large RAB5-positive early endosomes compared to controls. Treatment of purified neurons with β-secretase inhibitors, but not γ-secretase inhibitors, caused significant reductions in phospho-Tau(Thr?231) and aGSK-3β levels. These results suggest a direct relationship between APP proteolytic processing, but not amyloid-β, in GSK-3β activation and tau phosphorylation in human neurons. Additionally, we observed that neurons with the genome of one sAD patient exhibited the phenotypes seen in familial Alzheimer's disease samples. More generally, we demonstrate that iPSC technology can be used to observe phenotypes relevant to Alzheimer's disease, even though it can take decades for overt disease to manifest in patients.