PD-1及其配体在免疫和耐受中的作用

PD-1及其配体PD-L1和PD-L2,通过提供抑制信号而调节T细胞的活化和免疫耐受之间的平衡。PD-1:PD-L途径已经被证实在微生物感染、肿瘤的发生发展、自身免疫性疾病发生发展及移植免疫中发挥重要作用。在这篇综述中,我们将讨论具有免疫调节功能的PD-1及其配体潜在的治疗疾病功能。     

2011-27 科技新闻媒体关注指数排行榜

 在免疫学的发展过程中,人们努力寻找抵抗病毒感染方法的同时,对自身免疫系统认识也不断深入,从而奠定了现代分子免疫学的基础,为许多疾病的治疗提供了建设性理论。人体的细胞免疫在抵抗病毒的过程中发挥着举足轻重的作用。如果失去T细胞免疫力的保护,人体将丧失对多种病原体的抵抗能力。T细胞通过识别由抗原呈递细胞加工呈递到组织相容性复合物(MHC,人类称HLA)分子上的表位多肽,激活T细胞对感染细胞的杀伤作用,发挥病毒清除的功能。     

MAIT细胞在肝炎发生发展中的作用研究进展

黏膜相关恒定T(MAIT)细胞是一种非传统的固有免疫样T细胞,其激活方式不同于传统T细胞,其TCR主要识别主要组织相容性复合物相关蛋白1(MR1)提呈的抗原,其激活也可通过识别腺病毒载体及IL-12、IL-18等细胞因子完成。活化后的MAIT细胞可释放多种细胞因子,直接或间接参与机体免疫应答。MAIT细胞主要分布于黏膜组织和肝脏中,在肝脏中占T细胞的比例可高达50%。MAIT细胞在治疗肝脏疾病过程中发挥着重要作用。肝炎是许多肝脏疾病的早期诱导因素,早期的肝炎得不到及时治疗就会发展为慢性肝炎甚至肝癌。就MAIT细胞应对肝炎所发挥的免疫作用展开综述。     

PPARδ调控巨噬细胞的功能与动脉粥样硬化关系

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体δ(PPARδ)含有6个结构域,是过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体的亚型之一.PPARδ通过配体依赖、配体非依赖的转录抑制及配体依赖的转录激活等方式发挥病理生理作用,参与动脉粥样硬化等多种疾病的病理过程.研究显示,巨噬细胞对动脉粥样硬化所有病变阶段均具有重要的影响,PPARδ可通过调控巨噬细胞的多种功能介导动脉粥样硬化的病理过程.PPARδ通过调控巨噬细胞胞葬作用、脂质代谢、浸润、炎症及极化状态,发挥抗动脉粥样硬化的作用.PPARδ可能是一个有效的防治动脉粥样硬化的靶点,但是PPARδ在调控巨噬细胞相关功能研究方面还存在不足之处,仍需进一步探索.     

免疫激活:关于toll样受体与nod样受体的探索

toll样受体和nod受体在天然免疫应答中是重要的家族。激发配体促进受体相互作用的精确检测从而导致多重信号的形成和多级信号转导的触发。这个过程能导致促炎因子的上调、细胞凋亡和调控其他免疫防御。最近,在这些受体家族中识别激活配体和配体的分子基础的检测上有重大进展。理解这些过程,对于新的疫苗佐剂的开发、感染性疾病的治疗、炎症反应和潜在的疾病甚至癌症,都提供了必要的信息。     

癌疫苗研究的进展

一、T细胞在抗肿瘤免疫中的重要性近年的大量研究表明,机体对肿瘤的免疫主要为细胞免疫,T细胞在疫苗为基础的肿瘤免疫治疗中具有重要作用。T细胞可识别癌细胞表达的三类肿瘤特异抗原:(1)突变或重排的癌基因产物和突变的抗癌基因产物。由于这些抗原绝大多数存在于细胞内,因此抗体无法发挥治疗作用,而T细胞却可特异地识别具有这类产物的肿瘤细胞。目前已在人体和鼠体上分离到针对BCR-abl、突变的ras和p53的特异性T细胞。但目前的问题是,由于不同肿     

孕激素受体激活系统建立及对细胞周期的影响

建立孕激素受体（PR）转录激活系统,同时探索孕激素受体对细胞周期的影响。有助于进一步阐明其在乳腺癌的发生发展中发挥重要作用的调控机制。运用双荧光报告系统,建立内、外源孕激素受体转录激活系统,运用细胞流式技术检测孕激素受体对细胞周期的影响。发现孕激素可以激活外源构建的孕激素受体,孕激素能够通过结合内源受体促进细胞生长。我们成功建立了孕激素受体转录激活系统,并发现孕激素可以通过其受体增加细胞的S期比例,促进肿瘤细胞T47D的增殖。     

ITAM两步磷酸化基础上的TCR识别模型

将T细胞受体(TCR)的活性与免疫酪氨酸受体激活基序(ITAM)活性联系起来，深入考虑了TCR与其配体的亲和力和离解率．结果表明抗原多肽上信号氨基酸部分的细小差别，将有效地引起截然不同的T细胞应答反应．发生在T细胞应答早期信号事件中的TCR与其配体的亲和力和离解率参与决定了最终的T细胞应答结果．     

益生菌补充剂与人体免疫调节功能

综述了益生菌补充剂对人体免疫系统的功能影响、分子生物学机制和对疾病的调节作用；益生菌不但是构成肠道局部免疫的重要环节，还可对其他系统发挥双向免疫调节作用；益生菌补充剂可激活固有免疫系统，提高吞噬细胞、自然杀伤细胞等固有免疫细胞的活性，发挥抗感染、抗肿瘤作用，可预防和治疗多种原因引起的消化道、呼吸道感染，提高人体的抗肿瘤免疫功能；益生菌补充剂还可通过激活调节性T细胞，负向调节特异性免疫系统，对食物不耐受、哮喘等过敏性疾病及溃疡性结肠炎和克罗恩病等自身免疫性疾病发挥辅助治疗的作用。     

Ⅰ型糖尿病基因免疫治疗研究

Ⅰ型糖尿病是由T细胞介导自身免疫性疾病,由胰岛β细胞免疫破坏所致.其基因免疫治疗主要包括诱导免疫耐受、改变抗原提呈细胞的功能及活性、改变免疫调节细胞因子、干扰协同刺激信号和调节细胞凋亡.     

KIR expression on self-reactive CD8+ T cells is controlled by T-cell receptor engagement

Natural killer cell tolerance is maintained by the interaction of killer inhibitory receptors (KIRs) with self-major histocompatibility complex class I gene products. A subset of T cells also expresses inhibitory receptors, but the functional significance of these receptors on T cells is unclear. Here we show that, in the absence of T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement, KIRs expressed on CD8+ T cells are slowly downregulated by KIR ligands expressed on antigen-presenting cells. The resulting expression levels of KIR are no longer able to inhibit T-cell function. In contrast, TCR engagement sustains KIR expression, and re-induces functional levels of KIR expression after ligand-induced downregulation of KIR. Our data indicate that KIR expression on CD8+ T cells in vivo may be maintained through continuous encounters with antigen. As KIR-mediated inhibition of T-cell activation can be bypassed at high antigen concentrations, dynamic KIR expression may mediate T-cell tolerance to self-antigens by sparing self-reactive T cells, thus enabling them to mediate potentially useful immune functions to quantitatively or qualitatively different antigens.     

Regulatory T-cell functions are subverted and converted owing to attenuated Foxp3 expression

The naturally occurring regulatory T cell (T(r)) is the pivotal cell type that maintains self-tolerance and exerts active immune suppression. The development and function of T(r) cells is controlled by Foxp3 (refs 1, 2), a lack of which results in loss of T(r) cells and massive multi-organ autoimmunity in scurfy mice and IPEX (immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked) patients. It is generally thought that, through a binary mechanism, Foxp3 expression serves as an on-and-off switch to regulate positively the physiology of T(r) cells; however, emerging evidence associates decreased Foxp3 expression in T(r) cells with various immune disorders. We hypothesized that Foxp3 regulates T(r) cell development and function in a dose-dependent, non-binary manner, and that decreased Foxp3 expression can cause immune disease. Here, by generating a mouse model in which endogenous Foxp3 gene expression is attenuated in T(r) cells, we show that decreased Foxp3 expression results in the development of an aggressive autoimmune syndrome similar to that of scurfy mice, but does not affect thymic development, homeostatic expansion/maintenance or transforming-growth-factor-beta-induced de novo generation of Foxp3-expressing cells. The immune-suppressive activities of T cells with attenuated Foxp3 expression were nearly abolished in vitro and in vivo, whereas their anergic properties in vitro were maintained. This was accompanied by decreased expression of T(r) cell 'signature genes'. Notably, T cells expressing decreased Foxp3 preferentially became T-helper 2 (T(h)2)-type effectors even in a T(h)1-polarizing environment. These cells instructed T(h)2 differentiation of conventional T cells, which contributed to the immune diseases observed in these mice. Thus, decreased Foxp3 expression causes immune disease by subverting the suppressive function of T(r) cells and converting T(r) cells into effector cells; these findings are important for understanding the regulation of T(r) cell function and the aetiology of various human immune diseases.     

HIV-1 adaptation to NK-cell-mediated immune pressure

Natural killer (NK) cells have an important role in the control of viral infections, recognizing virally infected cells through a variety of activating and inhibitory receptors. Epidemiological and functional studies have recently suggested that NK cells can also contribute to the control of HIV-1 infection through recognition of virally infected cells by both activating and inhibitory killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs). However, it remains unknown whether NK cells can directly mediate antiviral immune pressure in vivo in humans. Here we describe KIR-associated amino-acid polymorphisms in the HIV-1 sequence of chronically infected individuals, on a population level. We show that these KIR-associated HIV-1 sequence polymorphisms can enhance the binding of inhibitory KIRs to HIV-1-infected CD4(+) T cells, and reduce the antiviral activity of KIR-positive NK cells. These data demonstrate that KIR-positive NK cells can place immunological pressure on HIV-1, and that the virus can evade such NK-cell-mediated immune pressure by selecting for sequence polymorphisms, as was previously described for virus-specific T cells and neutralizing antibodies. NK cells might therefore have a previously underappreciated role in contributing to viral evolution.     

Role of toll-like receptors in regulatory functions of T and B cells

Pathogens can find their ways to most sites in the host. Pathogen sensors, such as Toll-like receptors （TLRs）, must be equally and broadly distributed on immune cells to combat them through innate and adaptive immunity. Most classes of TLRs are found in innate immune cells to obtain an immediate response against pathogens, but recent studies indicate that a number of TLRs are wildly expressed in T and B cells, suggesting TLRs also directly regulate adaptive immune responses. Due to the rapid increase of new information on the multiple roles of TLRs, in this paper we aim to review several main properties of TLRs and their direct role in T and B cells. This review consists of 6 parts： （i） Characteristics of Toll-like receptors （TLRs） and signaling; （ii） signalling pathways of TLRs; （iii） TLR expressions on human leukocytes; （iv） TLR expressions and functions in the Thl, CD4^＋CD45RO^＋ memory T cells and regulatory/suppressor T as well as B cell populations; （v） therapeutic potential of TLR agonists; （Vi） discussion and perspective. The latest findings and potential therapeutic applications are discussed. There is growing evidence supporting the concept that TLR activation contributes not only to innate immunity but also to adaptive immunity, including direct regulation of both T and B lymphocytes by TLRs.     

Critical role of Toll-like receptor signaling in NK cell activation

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NK cell receptors are the most important receptor superfamilies in innate immunity. TLRs act as the sensor of external pathogens, while NK cells detect alterations in endogenous protein expression on target cells through activating and inhibitory receptors. Accumulating data has demonstrated that TLRs and NK cell receptors can coordinate and regulate each other during immune responses, which contributes to the initiation of innate response and the priming of adaptive responses. TLRs can activate NK cell function directly or with the help of accessory cells in a cytokine or cell-to-cell contact dependent manner. More understanding of the recognition of innate receptors and interactions between them may provide important insights into the design of effective strategies to combat tumor and microbial infections. In this review, we summarize how TLRs and NK cells discriminate the self or non-self components respectively. And importantly, we pay more attention to the role of TLR sig-naling in induction of NK cell activation, responses and the crosstalk between them.     

β2 Adrenergic receptor on T lymphocytes and its clinical implications

Sustained complex cross-talk between the immune system and the nervous system plays a vital role in retaining homeostasis in a healthy individual.One of the central regulatory mechanisms involved is the existence and functions of β2-adrenergic receptors (β2AR) on T lymphocytes.This article reviews research progress made recently,including the expression of adrenergic receptors on Tlymphocytes,the structure and intracellular pathways of β2AR,the activation of I32AR by either endogenous or exogenous agonists,and the effect of β2AR stimulation on T cells which alters T cell proliferation,differentiation,cytokine production and T-helper-mediated antibody production.Furthermore,we discuss the roles of β2AR played in the pathogenesis and treatment of autoimmune diseases.     

Licensing of natural killer cells by host major histocompatibility complex class I molecules

Self versus non-self discrimination is a central theme in biology from plants to vertebrates, and is particularly relevant for lymphocytes that express receptors capable of recognizing self-tissues and foreign invaders. Comprising the third largest lymphocyte population, natural killer (NK) cells recognize and kill cellular targets and produce pro-inflammatory cytokines. These potentially self-destructive effector functions can be controlled by inhibitory receptors for the polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules that are ubiquitously expressed on target cells. However, inhibitory receptors are not uniformly expressed on NK cells, and are germline-encoded by a set of polymorphic genes that segregate independently from MHC genes. Therefore, how NK-cell self-tolerance arises in vivo is poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that NK cells acquire functional competence through 'licensing' by self-MHC molecules. Licensing involves a positive role for MHC-specific inhibitory receptors and requires the cytoplasmic inhibitory motif originally identified in effector responses. This process results in two types of self-tolerant NK cells--licensed or unlicensed--and may provide new insights for exploiting NK cells in immunotherapy. This self-tolerance mechanism may be more broadly applicable within the vertebrate immune system because related germline-encoded inhibitory receptors are widely expressed on other immune cells.     

熊果酸对H22荷瘤小鼠抗肿瘤及免疫调节作用

目的 探讨熊果酸（UA）对H22荷瘤小鼠抗肿瘤作用及免疫功能的影响.方法 皮下移植建立H22荷瘤小鼠模型,腹腔注射不同剂量UA,检测抑瘤率和免疫器官指数,MTT法检测脾脏T、B淋巴细胞增殖能力,流式细胞术检测CD4＋、CD8＋T细胞亚群含量及比例,ELISA法检测血清细胞因子IL-2、IL-4和TNF-α的表达量.结果 UA对小鼠皮下移植性肿瘤H22有显著的抑制作用,可降低免疫器官中异常增大的脾指数,增强脾脏中T、B淋巴细胞增殖能力,提高淋巴细胞亚群CD4＋T细胞表达及CD4＋/CD8＋T细胞亚群比例,促进血清IL-2、TNF-α表达,降低IL-4表达.结论 UA可抑制小鼠肝癌H22肿瘤生长,体内可以提高荷瘤小鼠的免疫能力,其抗肿瘤作用可能与机体的免疫调节作用相关.     

自然杀伤细胞受体与功能的研究进展

摘要: 自然杀伤( natural killer,NK) 细胞是由多种亚类组成的淋巴细胞,具有多种不同受体,表现出多种功能,同时 具有先天性免疫细胞和后天免疫细胞,特别是杀伤性T 细胞的特性,在免疫记忆、自然杀伤、抗病毒和抗肿瘤方面 都有重要作用。本文综述了NK 细胞的分类、受体和功能的研究进展。     

T cells with receptors for IgD

The role of IgD in the immune response has been elusive, although its predominance on the cell surface suggests a receptor function. We have shown previously that euthymic but not athymic BALB/c mice, injected with IgD before antigen, exhibit enhanced antibody responses which can be transferred by T cells. Isotype-specific T cells have been reported to have both upward and downward immunoregulatory effects. Here we demonstrate the existence of T cells with receptors for IgD, and show that exposure to IgD in vivo or in vitro significantly increases the number of T delta cells in the spleen and lymph nodes but not in the thymus. The kinetics of T delta-cell appearance in vivo parallels that of the immunoenhancing effect which occurs after injection of IgD. These T delta cells are of the Lyt 1+2- T-cell phenotype.