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在生物进化与技术发展史之间建立类比的困难在于,生物进化所包含的变异的随机性、基因的实体性和物种的独立性这三个特点,是技术领域并不具备的.主流技术进化论者的策略是回避冲突,而本文引入斯蒂格勒,回归马克思的"器官类比",重新理解自然与技术的冲突.器官类比消弭了技术进化论面临的主要冲突,并把人这一物种的独特性突显出来.技术器... 相似文献
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1859年,达尔文提出了进化论学说,他认为生物不是神创造的,而是经过漫长的岁月从简单到复杂进化来的。严格地说,进化论至今都只是一种假说,当年达尔文希望将来能发现确凿的证据,可是禁得起检验的证据至今也没有找到,而且进化论的理论与事实也出入太大,论证模棱两可,结论也无法重复。后来的学者是把进化论当作一种科学的信仰继承下来的。也正是因为信仰,才把它当成真理介绍给学术界和公众,这种新奇的假说很快形成了一个流行的信仰,人云亦云,被人们当成了真理。 相似文献
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卡尔·波普是为数不多的对科学界有重大影响的科学哲学家之一.但是,他从早期到晚年的关于进化生物学的言论严重阻碍了进化生物学的发展,他把进化论作为一个形而上学的研究纲领导致了许多科学家对进化论的误解,他否认进化定律的存在从而否认了进化生物学的科学地位.同时,我们指出了他关于进化论的新见解并没有任何新意. 相似文献
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达尔文进化论的诞生意义重大,其影响广泛且深远,特别是对人类发展观念的影响:达尔文进化论彻底动摇了"神创"世界的观念,在有机界确立起了发展的观念;达尔文进化论为人类的发展观念提供了科学支撑,坚定了人类对发展观念的信念,纠正了进步发展观念的主观主义倾向;与达尔文同时代的进化论学者斯宾塞将达尔文进化论的自然选择理论简单化为:物竞天择、适者生存,优胜劣败、强者为王等观念,即所谓弱肉强食的"丛林法则",并将其机械地照搬到人类社会领域,用其来说明人类社会的发展,其学说对人类的发展产生巨大的负面影响。 相似文献
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达尔文进化论的诞生意义重大,其影响广泛且深远,特别是对人类发展观念的影响:达尔文进化论彻底动摇了"神创"世界的观念,在有机界确立起了发展的观念;达尔文进化论为人类的发展观念提供了科学支撑,坚定了人类对发展观念的信念,纠正了进步发展观念的主观主义倾向;与达尔文同时代的进化论学者斯宾塞将达尔文进化论的自然选择理论简单化为:物竞天择、适者生存,优胜劣败、强者为王等观念,即所谓弱肉强食的"丛林法则",并将其机械地照搬到人类社会领域,用其来说明人类社会的发展,其学说对人类的发展产生巨大的负面影响。 相似文献
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清华大学深圳研究生院 《中国基础科学》2007,9(4):17
多样性的生物种群与生态环境的相互作用、物种对环境演变的适应及其进化是恒久而常新的重大科学问题,而植物种群在其中扮演了举足轻重的角色。达尔文一百多年前曾对兰科等植物进行长期考察研究,发表了《兰花由昆虫授粉的各种巧妙方法》等许多著述,为生物进化论提供了重要依据。 相似文献
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十九世纪,细胞学说与达尔文进化论的建立使生物学从搜集和描述材料的科学,发展为实验科学;从分析、比较、整理材料的科学,发展为历史的科学。这是生物学的一次革命。二十世纪二十年代以来,量子力学的发展揭示了微观客体的运动规律。量子力学和大批 相似文献
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Robert T. Pennock 《Foundations of Science》2000,5(2):225-238
Some philosophers suggest that the development of scientificknowledge is a kind of Darwinian process. The process of discovery,however, is one problematic element of this analogy. I compare HerbertSimon's attempt to simulate scientific discovery in a computer programto recent connectionist models that were not designed for that purpose,but which provide useful cases to help evaluate this aspect of theanalogy. In contrast to the classic A.I. approach Simon used, ``neuralnetworks' contain no explicit protocols, but are generic learningsystems built on the model of the interconnections of neurons in thebrain. I describe two cases that take the connectionist approach a stepfurther by using genetic algorithms, a form of evolutionary computationthat explicitly models Darwinian mechanisms. These cases show thatDarwinian mechanisms can make novel discoveries of complex, previouslyunknown patterns. With some caveats, they lend support to evolutionaryepistemology. 相似文献
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Vladimir G. Red'ko 《Foundations of Science》2000,5(3):323-338
The main problem discussed in this paper is: “Why and how did animal cognition abilities arise?” It is argued that investigations of the evolution of animal cognition abilities are very important from an epistemological point of view. A new direction for interdisciplinary researches – the creation and development of the theory of human logic origin – is proposed. The approaches to the origination of such a theory (mathematical models of ``intelligent invention'' of biological evolution, the cybernetic schemes of evolutionary progress and purposeful adaptive behavior) as well as potential interdisciplinary links of the theory are described and analyzed. 相似文献
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Friedel Weinert 《Foundations of Science》2014,19(4):331-352
Thomas S. Kuhn is famous both for his work on the Copernican Revolution and his ‘paradigm’ view of scientific revolutions. But Kuhn later abandoned the notion of paradigm (and related notions) in favour of a more ‘evolutionary’ view of the history of science. Kuhn’s position therefore moved closer to ‘continuity’ models of scientific progress, for instance ‘chain-of-reasoning’ models, originally championed by D. Shapere. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the debate around Kuhn’s new ‘developmental’ view and to evaluate these competing models with reference to some major innovations in the history of cosmology, from Copernicanism to modern cosmology. This evaluation is made possible through some unexpected overlap between Kuhn’s earlier discontinuity model and various versions of the later continuity models. It is the thesis of this paper that the ‘chain-of-reasoning’ model accounts better for the cosmological evidence than both Kuhn’s early paradigm model and his later developmental view of the history of science. 相似文献
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Using an analogy in science and everyday life is a double-edged sword because they are accompanied by alternative ideas, in addition to scientific concepts. Schools and public education explain global warming by making a common analogy between this phenomenon and greenhouse effects (Chen in Philos Cogn Sci 105–114, 2012). Unfortunately, this analogy sometimes produces various incorrect explanatory mental models. To construct a correct understanding of global warming, it is necessary: first, to investigate the attributes of analogical reasoning; second, to understand these features by restructuring the greenhouse analogy; and third, to explore the problems and benefits of the greenhouse analogy. The characteristics of relations, rather than objects, must be mapped according to the principle of systematicity, but the public tends to preserve the attributes of the base domain, which is mapped relatively easily. In conclusion, certain facets of the prevailing greenhouse analogy cause a distorted public view of climate change. We must use the greenhouse analogy and yet simultaneously emphasize the relations and attributes highlighted and hidden in the analogy during evaluation. 相似文献
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德国数学家兰伯特在《平行线理论》中通过类比球面提出锐角假设在虚半径球面上成立,这一思想成为后来数学家建立和发展非欧几何的关键.兰伯特在对公理和定义的讨论中体现的几何哲学,使得他证明平行公设时回避了困扰前人的几何直观.他在同时期的数学工作中将圆函数和双曲函数类比,反映出其虚半径球面类比思想的来源和应用. 相似文献
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近代以前的科学史不能看成单纯的科学思想史,把科学思想史与科技关系史结合起来考察,才能对古代科学、科学思想的特点以及它们的缓慢发展进行较合理的说明. 相似文献
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Alain Ulazia 《Foundations of Science》2016,21(4):543-565
When Johann and Daniel Bernoulli founded fluid dynamics they encountered several problems. To go beyond the vision of Newtonian particles, a new set of images was needed in order to deal with the spatial extensibility and lack of form of fluids. I point to evidence that analogy was an essential abductive strategy in the creation of this imagery. But its heuristic behavior is complex: analogy can provide an initial model or proto-model that establishes the starting point of a theoretical process, but it can play other roles as well. The historical genesis analyzed here shows that the participation of analogy in physicists’ creativity is not so restricted and that its richness opens up the field for very different roles and strategies in model-based discovery processes. Analogies can crop up intermittently in the evolution of a theory; and they can cooperate with images, extreme case reasoning and thought experiments, and even activate these processes at origin. Although it may seem that the contributions of analogy are generative in the sense of helping to discover new aspects of reality, we must stress the evaluative function that sometimes is performed by analogical reasoning in order to gain confidence. The study of the Bernoulli’s genesis of the foundations of fluid dynamics generates interesting hypotheses about the multiple roles that analogy can play in scientific model-based reasoning. 相似文献
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Visual Models in Analogical Problem Solving 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Visual analogy is believed to be important in human problem solving. Yet, there are few computational models of visual analogy.
In this paper, we present a preliminary computational model of visual analogy in problem solving. The model is instantiated
in a computer program, called Galatea, which uses a language for representing and transferring visual information called Privlan.
We describe how the computational model can account for a small slice of a cognitive-historical analysis of Maxwell’s reasoning
about electromagnetism. 相似文献
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在与科学说明的关系之比较中科学理解的概念、原理得以辨析清楚,其基本立场也在与一般理解概念的区别中得以凸显出来。其中判断力、逻辑力是形成科学理解的主要工具,类比是重要的机制,而陌生知识通过知识背景的整合从而丰富、改组原有知识结构是主要的过程。 相似文献