300-Myr-old magmatic CO2 in natural gas reservoirs of the west Texas Permian basin

Except in regions of recent crustal extension, the dominant origin of carbon dioxide in fluids in sedimentary basins has been assumed to be from crustal organic matter or mineral reactions. Here we show, by contrast, that Rayleigh fractionation caused by partial degassing of a magma body can explain the CO2/3He ratios and delta13C(CO2) values observed in CO2-rich natural gases in the west Texas Val Verde basin and also the mantle 3He/22Ne ratios observed in other basin systems. Regional changes in CO2/3He and CO2/CH4 ratios can be explained if the CO2 input pre-dates methane generation in the basin, which occurred about 280 Myr ago. Uplift to the north of the Val Verde basin between 310 and 280 Myr ago appears to be the only tectonic event with appropriate timing and location to be the source of the magmatic CO2. Our identification of magmatic CO2 in a foreland basin indicates that the origin of CO2 in other mid-continent basin systems should be re-evaluated. Also, the inferred closed-system preservation of natural gas in a trapping structure for approximately 300 Myr is far longer than the residence time predicted by diffusion models.     

Carbon dioxide degassing flux from two geothermal fields in Tibet,China

Over geological time scales,Earth degassing has a significant impact on atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO2) concentrations,which are an important component of global carbon cycle models.In Tibet,structural conditions and associated widespread geothermal systems lead to carbon dioxide degassing during geothermal water migration.We characterized the hydrochemical conditions of two geothermal fields on the Tibetan Plateau.The chemical composition of geothermal waters was controlled by K-feldspar and albite.Geother...     

Vapour undersaturation in primitive mid-ocean-ridge basalt and the volatile content of Earth's upper mantle

The analysis of volatiles in magmatic systems can be used to constrain the volatile content of the Earth's mantle and the influence that magmatic degassing has on the chemistry of the oceans and the atmosphere. But most volatile elements have very low solubilities in magmas at atmospheric pressure, and therefore virtually all erupted lavas are degassed and do not retain their primary volatile signatures. Here we report the undersaturated pre-eruptive volatile content for a suite of mid-ocean-ridge basalts from the Siqueiros intra-transform spreading centre. The undersaturation leads to correlations between volatiles and refractory trace elements that provide new constraints on volatile abundances and their behaviour in the upper mantle. Our data generate improved limits on the abundances of carbon dioxide, water, fluorine, sulphur and chlorine in the source of normal mid-ocean-ridge basalt. The incompatible behaviour of carbon dioxide, together with the CO(2)/Nb and CO(2)/Cl ratios, permit estimates of primitive carbon dioxide and chlorine to be made for degassed and chlorine-contaminated mid-ocean-ridge basalt magmas, and hence constrain degassing and contamination histories of mid-ocean ridges.     

二氧化碳成因、成藏主控因素及脱气模式研究综述

高纯度的CO_2气藏不仅具有重要的资源意义,同时也有很重要的地质意义,CO_2气藏成因及主控因素研究已成为世界范围内地球科学领域广为关注的重要课题。对CO_2气藏的成因、鉴别方法、成藏主控等进行了系统的论述。结果表明:CO_2气藏的成因可以分为无机成因和有机成因,且以前者为主;CO_2气藏成因的判别主要是综合多种地球化学指标,结合天然气成藏地质条件来分析;高地温场、深大断裂和岩浆活动是CO_2气运聚成藏最重要、最直接的三大主控因素;幔源CO_2进入沉积盆地中具有4种脱气模式,即沿岩石圈断裂直接脱气模式、热流底辟体脱气模式、壳内岩浆房-基底断裂组合脱气模式和火山岩吸附气后期脱气模式。但在CO_2对油气运移聚集的影响、CO_2释放机理、脱气模式等方面的研究尚存一定的争议,将是未来主要的研究方向。     

Increase in observed net carbon dioxide uptake by land and oceans during the past 50 years

One of the greatest sources of uncertainty for future climate predictions is the response of the global carbon cycle to climate change. Although approximately one-half of total CO(2) emissions is at present taken up by combined land and ocean carbon reservoirs, models predict a decline in future carbon uptake by these reservoirs, resulting in a positive carbon-climate feedback. Several recent studies suggest that rates of carbon uptake by the land and ocean have remained constant or declined in recent decades. Other work, however, has called into question the reported decline. Here we use global-scale atmospheric CO(2) measurements, CO(2) emission inventories and their full range of uncertainties to calculate changes in global CO(2) sources and sinks during the past 50 years. Our mass balance analysis shows that net global carbon uptake has increased significantly by about 0.05 billion tonnes of carbon per year and that global carbon uptake doubled, from 2.4?±?0.8 to 5.0?±?0.9 billion tonnes per year, between 1960 and 2010. Therefore, it is very unlikely that both land and ocean carbon sinks have decreased on a global scale. Since 1959, approximately 350 billion tonnes of carbon have been emitted by humans to the atmosphere, of which about 55 per cent has moved into the land and oceans. Thus, identifying the mechanisms and locations responsible for increasing global carbon uptake remains a critical challenge in constraining the modern global carbon budget and predicting future carbon-climate interactions.     

Spectroscopic evidence for a lava fountain driven by previously accumulated magmatic gas

Lava fountains are spectacular continuous gas jets, propelling lava fragments to heights of several hundred metres, which occasionally occur during eruptions of low-viscosity magmas. Whether they are generated by the effervescent disruption of fast-rising bubbly melt or by the separate ascent of a bubble foam layer accumulated at depth still remains a matter of debate. No field measurement has yet allowed firm discrimination between these two models. A key insight into the origin of lava fountains may be gained by measuring the chemical composition of the driving gas phase. This composition should differ markedly depending on whether the magma degassing occurs before or during eruption. Here we report the analysis of magmatic gas during a powerful (250-600 m high) lava fountain, measured with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy on Mount Etna, Sicily. The abundances of volcanic gas species, determined from absorption spectra of lava radiation, reveal a fountain gas having higher CO2/S and S/Cl ratios than other etnean emissions, and which cannot derive from syn-eruptive bulk degassing of Etna basalt. Instead, its composition suggests violent emptying of a gas bubble layer previously accumulated at about 1.5 km depth below the erupting crater.     

基于数学形态学的月海圆形撞击坑自动识别方法

撞击坑是月球表面最为常见的地质单元,是研究月球地质演化历史的重要对象,也是月球地质定年的基本依据,因此撞击坑识别具有重要意义.本文根据嫦娥一号采集的月球CCD图像,基于数学形态学方法对撞击坑进行自动识别提取研究.在CCD图像中,撞击坑边缘的灰度变化明显,梯度较大,由此可以计算获取撞击坑的边缘形态;一般情况下,依据图像灰度梯度突变,通过边缘检测得到的撞击坑边缘比较粗糙、不连续,而且有断口和小洞.根据数学形态学的基本思想——用具有一定形态的结构元素去量度和提取图像中的对应形状,对识别出来的边缘作进一步处理,可得到较光滑、连续的撞击坑边缘弧,从而能方便地拟合出撞击坑边缘,并获得撞击坑的直径与位置.用数学形态学进行撞击坑识别与提取的主要步骤是：首先对CCD影像计算灰度的梯度,得到梯度图像,然后进行二值化,再使用数学形态学分离出边缘,最后用圆形对撞击坑进行拟合并计算出撞击坑的位置和直径.本文分别对月海和月陆地区进行撞击坑识别实验,结果表明,我们设计的算法能够识别的最小撞击坑直径为10个像素.其中月海区域撞击坑识别准确可靠;而月陆区域岩性差异大、地形起伏,造成CCD图像背景变化较大,其识别效果相对差一些,有待进一步改善.     

活性炭对CO和CO2的吸附行为研究

采用重量吸附法,研究了空白活性炭A、经有机胺改性的活性炭C和经氢氧化钾与有机胺混合溶液改性得到的活性炭D在绝对温度303,313,323K下分别对单组分气体CO和CO2气体的等温吸附行为。等温吸附模型优选的结果表明:Freundlich方程是描述活性炭吸附CO气体的最佳模型方程;而Langmuir方程、D-R方程可以较好地模拟活性炭样品A在303,313,323 K下对CO2的等温吸附,Freundlich方程则能较好地模拟样品C和D在313 K下的等温吸附。CO和CO2在活性炭A上的等量吸附热均随吸附量的增加而降低。相同吸附压力下,CO2的吸附量高于CO。改性活性炭C和D上CO2的吸附量明显高于空白活性炭A;而活性炭的比表面积和微孔容积与吸附量的变化没有直接相关性。     

二氧化碳驱油的地震资料特征研究

二氧化碳驱油作为三次采油的重要技术手段,提高采收率效果明显,具有重要的环保降排价值。但在二氧化碳驱油过程中,部分层位二氧化碳过早突破,一方面严重降低气驱的波及效率,另一方面油井气窜后,二氧化碳将对油井举升系统、地面工艺设备乃至井场环境造成严重影响等问题。常规的注采及油气水性质监测方法,仅能简单地监测二氧化碳驱油的效果和二氧化碳采出情况,驱油过程的精细监测成为薄弱环节,制约着二氧化碳驱油的进一步发展。二氧化碳驱油前后储层的地球物理性质发生的变化能在地震资料上表现出差异性。为此,从二氧化碳驱油前后地震正演模拟、敏感属性分析和时移地震差异等方面进行分析,为开展基于地震资料的二氧化碳驱油精细监测提供了依据。     

洞穴次生碳酸盐沉积稳定碳同位素研究

对国内外有关洞穴石笋稳定碳同位素值（13C,其计算公式为:13C = （Rsamp/Rstd - 1）*1000,Rsamp和Rstd分别为样品和标准的碳同位素比值）的研究成果进行了梳理和归纳总结,介绍了影响石笋13C值变化的因素（如植被（包括植被类型和生物量效应）、土壤过程、大气CO2、岩溶地下水水文（包括地下水的水动力条件、水-岩相互作用和先期碳酸盐沉积等）,同时介绍了一些模型研究中对影响石笋13C值的某些具体气候环境因素（如滴水快慢或时间间隔、通风强度、地下水流动路径等）进行的定量评估. 综合迄今为止洞穴石笋13C值的研究成果,指出洞穴内滴水的CO2去气作用可能是影响石笋13C值变化的关键机制,建议在今后的研究中对此给予高度关注.     

商都坳陷浅层CO_2气藏成因与典型气藏分析

商都地区CO2气藏的气体组分主要为CO2,体积分数为87.0%～99.9%,碳同位素δ13C值分布在-5.2‰～-6.5‰之间,氦同位素3He/4He体积比分布在(1.69～3.35)×10-6之间,为典型幔源CO2气.乌兰哈达-高勿素断裂是一条长期活动的超深断裂,不仅控制着盆地沉积和演化,而且输导了多期次岩浆活动,提供了幔源CO2运移通道.商都坳陷新生代沉积演化有利于储盖组合的发育,具有良好的CO2气藏形成条件.通过对典型CO2气藏解剖,其具有气藏浅、产量高的特点.SZ5井累计产气量是容积法计算储量的2.23倍,认为存在幔源CO2的不断补充.     

面向可持续发展的二氧化碳化学研究进展

二氧化碳既是温室气体的主要成分又是储量丰富且可再生的碳资源,研究二氧化碳的化学转化和利用对可持续发展具有重要意义.二氧化碳的热力学稳定性和动力学惰性决定了发展高效催化体系是活化二氧化碳的关键.围绕二氧化碳介质中的化学反应、二氧化碳原位酸催化反应、二氧化碳的捕集与利用、可见光催化的二氧化碳的利用、二氧化碳作为C1合成子构筑C—C/C—N/C—O键以及二氧化碳的还原功能化等方面系统地介绍了本课题组在二氧化碳化学方面的研究,并分析所面临的挑战、对策以及发展趋势.     

Impact-derived features of the Xiuyan meteorite crater

Up to now, 176 meteorite impact craters have been found on the Earth. Among these craters, none of them lies in China. The Xiuyan crater is located in the Liaodong Peninsula of China. This bowl-shaped crater has a diameter of 1.8 km and depth of about 150 m. The impact-derived features include planar deformation features （PDFs） in quartz, shatter cones, impact breccia, and radial valleys on the wall of rim. It is the first confirmed meteorite impact crater in China.     

Secondary craters on Europa and implications for cratered surfaces

For several decades, most planetary researchers have regarded the impact crater populations on solid-surfaced planets and smaller bodies as predominantly reflecting the direct ('primary') impacts of asteroids and comets. Estimates of the relative and absolute ages of geological units on these objects have been based on this assumption. Here we present an analysis of the comparatively sparse crater population on Jupiter's icy moon Europa and suggest that this assumption is incorrect for small craters. We find that 'secondaries' (craters formed by material ejected from large primary impact craters) comprise about 95 per cent of the small craters (diameters less than 1 km) on Europa. We therefore conclude that large primary impacts into a solid surface (for example, ice or rock) produce far more secondaries than previously believed, implying that the small crater populations on the Moon, Mars and other large bodies must be dominated by secondaries. Moreover, our results indicate that there have been few small comets (less than 100 m diameter) passing through the jovian system in recent times, consistent with dynamical simulations.     

Automated detection of lunar craters based on object-oriented approach

The object-oriented approach is a powerful method in making classification. With the segmentation of images to objects, many features can be calculated based on the objects so that the targets can be distinguished. However, this method has not been applied to lunar study. In this paper we attempt to apply this method to detecting lunar craters with promising results. Craters are the most obvious fea- tures on the moon and they are important for lunar geologic study. One of the important questions in lunar research is to estimate lunar surface ages by examination of crater density per unit area. Hence, proper detection of lunar craters is necessary. Manual crater identification is inefficient, and a more efficient and effective method is needed. This paper describes an object-oriented method to detect lunar craters using lunar reflectance images. In the method, many objects were first segmented from the image based on size, shape, color, and the weights to every layer. Then the feature of ＂contrast to neighbor objects＂ was selected to identify craters from the lunar image. In the next step, by merging the adjacent objects belonging to the same class, almost every crater can be taken as an independent object except several very big craters in the study area. To remove the crater rays diagnosed as craters, the feature of ＂length/width＂ was further used with suitable parameters to finish recognizing craters. Finally, the result was exported to ArcGIS for manual modification to those big craters and the number of craters was acquired.     

Evolution of a new enzyme for carbon disulphide conversion by an acidothermophilic archaeon

Extremophilic organisms require specialized enzymes for their exotic metabolisms. Acid-loving thermophilic Archaea that live in the mudpots of volcanic solfataras obtain their energy from reduced sulphur compounds such as hydrogen sulphide (H(2)S) and carbon disulphide (CS(2)). The oxidation of these compounds into sulphuric acid creates the extremely acidic environment that characterizes solfataras. The hyperthermophilic Acidianus strain A1-3, which was isolated from the fumarolic, ancient sauna building at the Solfatara volcano (Naples, Italy), was shown to rapidly convert CS(2) into H(2)S and carbon dioxide (CO(2)), but nothing has been known about the modes of action and the evolution of the enzyme(s) involved. Here we describe the structure, the proposed mechanism and evolution of a CS(2) hydrolase from Acidianus A1-3. The enzyme monomer displays a typical β-carbonic anhydrase fold and active site, yet CO(2) is not one of its substrates. Owing to large carboxy- and amino-terminal arms, an unusual hexadecameric catenane oligomer has evolved. This structure results in the blocking of the entrance to the active site that is found in canonical β-carbonic anhydrases and the formation of a single 15-?-long, highly hydrophobic tunnel that functions as a specificity filter. The tunnel determines the enzyme's substrate specificity for CS(2), which is hydrophobic. The transposon sequences that surround the gene encoding this CS(2) hydrolase point to horizontal gene transfer as a mechanism for its acquisition during evolution. Our results show how the ancient β-carbonic anhydrase, which is central to global carbon metabolism, was transformed by divergent evolution into a crucial enzyme in CS(2) metabolism.     

一种基于特征空间的月球撞击坑自动识别算法

撞击坑不仅是月球表面常见的一种地质单元,也是研究月表地质年龄的一个重要因素,所以准确的识别撞击坑就很重要．本文提出了一种基于特征空间的对撞击坑进行自动识别的算法．新算法先将CCD图像转换成特征空间图像,在特征空间中通过自适应的区域检测寻找撞击坑候选区域．再对候选的区域进行椭圆拟合以进一步确认撞击坑,最后统计得到撞击坑个数．新算法在嫦娥一号采集的月球CCD图像上进行测试,测试结果显示该算法对月球中小撞击坑有较高的识别能力．     

Seismic resurfacing by a single impact on the asteroid 433 Eros

Impact cratering creates a wide range of topography on small satellites and asteroids. The population of visible craters evolves with impacts, and because there are no competing endogenic processes to modify the surface, determining the various ways younger craters add to or subtract from the population is a fundamental aspect of small-body geology. Asteroid 433 Eros, the most closely studied small body, has regions of substantially different crater densities that remain unexplained. Here we show that the formation of a relatively young crater (7.6 km in diameter) resulted in the removal of other craters as large as 0.5 km over nearly 40 percent of the asteroid. Burial by ejecta cannot explain the observed pattern of crater removal. The limitation of reduced crater density to a zone within a particular straight-line distance through the asteroid from the centre of the large crater suggests degradation of the topography by seismic energy released during the impact. Our observations indicate that the interior of Eros is sufficiently cohesive to transmit seismic energy over many kilometres, and the outer several tens of metres of the asteroid must be composed of relatively non-cohesive material.     

Variation of δ13C in karst soil in Yaji Karst Experiment Site,Guilin

This study deals with δ13C variation in karst soil system of Yaji Karst Experiment Site, Guilin, a typical region of humid subtropical karst formations. Samples of near ground air, plant tissue, soil and water (soil solution and karst spring) were respectively collected on site in different seasons during 1996-1999. Considerable variation of δ13C values are not only found with different carbon pools of soil organic carbon, soil air CO2 and soil water HCO-3, but also with the soil depths and with different seasons during a year.The δ13C values of CO2 both of near ground air and soil air are lower in July than those in April by 1%-4‰ PDB. Our results indicate that the δ13C values of carbon in the water and air are essentially dependent on interface carbon interaction of air-plant--soil-rock--water governed by soil organic carbon and soil CO2 in the system.     

Elementary Investigation of Increasing Polarization Performance of Air Electrode for CO2 Transfer

Air electrodes are the key components of Electrochemical carbon dioxide concentrating(EDC) cells. Therefore, the improvement of the polarization performance is beneficial to the increasing of CO2 transfer and cell stability .The preparing process of air electrode is improved by means of the pretreatment of active carbon(AC) and the selection of preparing method of platinum/carbon(Pt/C) powders. Besides, based on the analysis of orthogonal test results, the optimum preparing conditions of Pt/C powders in air electrode are achieved, that is, hydrazine hydrate concentration is 5%～10%, platinum capacity is 8mg/cm2, chloroplatinic acid concentration is 10.0mg/ml and water both temperature is 40℃.