Analytical Criteria for Local Activity of CNN with Two-port and Application to Biochemical Model

The analytic criteria are presented for the local activity theory in two-port Cellular Neural Network (CNN) cells with three local state variables, and the application to a Biochemical Model CNN (BMCNN) is given for coupling in series of two enzymes whose prototype was studied by Decroly and Goldbeter. The bifurcation diagrams of the BMCNN's show that there does not exist a locally passive domain, and the computer simulation exhibited that convergent patterns, oscillatory patterns or chaotic patterns may emerge if the selected cell parameters are located in locally active unstable domains but nearby the edge of chaos domain. In particular, the coexistence of multiple oscillations was observed in the corresponding triple cell couples of the BMCNN's with the same initial conditions.     

Numerical simulations of buoyant reactive jets with sidewall effects

The near field dynamics of buoyant reactive jets with adjacent sidewalls is investigated by time-dependent three-dimensional direct simulations. The physical problem is a fuel jet issuing vertically into an oxidant ambient environment in a corner configuration with sidewall boundaries.Simulation results are presented for two cases with different jet nozzle geometries: a corner-round reactive jet and a cor-ner-square reactive jet with the same cross-sectional area on the nozzle plane. Buoyancy-induced large vortical structures evolve spatially in the flow field and transition to turbulence occurs downstream. Calculation of the mean flow properties shows that entrainment of the corner-round jet is stronger than that of the corner-square jet due to the stronger vortex deformation in the corner-round case.     

A new satellite to satellite tracking algorithm from Doppler-shifted frequency measurements

A new satellite to satellite tracking (SST) algorithm from Doppler-shifted frequency measurements is proposed. The estimation principle is demonstrated and the mathematic model of SST is established. The state estimation methods for a user (the cooperative case) and target satellites (the non-cooperative case) are presented based on particle swarm optimization (PSO). The Cramer-Rao lower bounds (CRLB) are deduced as well. Performance of the new algorithm is validated through computer simulations, which proved that the proposed method is effective in terms of the estimation quality compared with CRLB and superior in accuracy to the Bearings-Only (BO) method in almost all simulation cases except for the case that an enough long tracking arc-length is obtained for a user satellite.     

Origin of summer monsoon rainfall identified by δ18O in precipitation

A negative correlation between δ^18O in monsoon precipitation and f, the ratio of precipitable water in monsoon region to that in water source area, is hypothesized. Using the Rayleigh model, a new method for identifying origin of summer monsoon rainfall is developed based on the hypothesis. In order to validate the method, the isotopic data at New Delhi, a typical station in the southwest monsoon region, and Hong Kong, a typical station in the southeast monsoon region, were collected and analyzed for case studies. The case studies indicate that the water source areas of the monsoon rairdall at the two stations identified by the method are accordant with the general atmosphere circulation patterns. The method developed in this paper is significantly important for tracing the origin of summer monsoon precipitation.     

An efficient intra-frame rate control algorithm for H.264/AVC video coding

Intra-frame plays a significant role in improving video quality for rate control of H.264/AVC.In this paper,an efficient intra-frame rate control algorithm is proposed for H.264/AVC video coding.The proposed scheme adjusts the quantization parameter (QP) of intra-frame adaptively according to intra-frame buffer fullness ratio,current buffer fullness ratio,and skipped frame ratio.Experimental results demonstrate that for a set of typical testing sequences,the proposed scheme can obtain accurate target bit rate,better peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) performance and reduce the number of skipped frames significantly,when compared with existing schemes.More importantly,the proposed scheme is very flexible for different initial QPs and target bits.     

Analytical Criteria for Local Activity of CNN with Two Ports and Application to Smoothed Chua's Circuit

Presents analytic criteria for the local activity theory in two-port cellular neural network (CNN) cells with four local state variables, and gives the application to a smoothed Chua's circuit (SCC) CNN with two-port and 15×15 arrays. The bifurcation diagrams of the SCC CNN show that they are completely the same as those of an SCC CNN with one-port calculated earlier;which do not exist locally passive domain. The evolution of the patterns of the state variables of the SCC CNN is stimulated. Oscillatory patterns, chaotic patterns, or divergent patterns may emerge if the selected cell parameters are located in the locally active unstable domains but nearby the edge of chaos domain.     

Impact of slip boundary on sloshing motions in partially filled containers

Sloshing is a kind of fluid motion inside partially filled containers. In spacecraft and other partially filled moving containers, sloshing plays an important role. The contact line between the fluid and solid boundary affects the fluid movement and sloshing during motion. A physical model for steady fluid flow with a partial slip boundary is presented and equations for this model are derived for cylindrical (tube-shaped) tanks. This gives a nonlinear system of differential equations that is solved numerically by using a Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) technique and graphical results are shown. Variations in steady fluid flow are observed with changes in the slip length and some useful results are derived. The effects on the microscopic radius of the fluid layer in a capillary tube are also shown through graphical results.     

Fluid Flow Behavior of Liquid in Cylindrical Vessels Stirred by One or Two Air Jets

Based on the two-phase model (Eulerian-Eulerian model), the three dimensional fluid flow in water and that liquid steel systems stirred by one or two multiple gas jets are simulated. In the Eulerian-Eulerian two-phase model, the gas and the liquid phase are considered to be two different continuous fluids interacting with each other through the finite inter-phase areas. The exchange between the phases is represented by source terms in conversation equations. Turbulence is assumed to be a property of the liquid phase. A new turbulence modification k-ε model is introduced to consider the bubbles movement contribution to k and ε. The dispersion of phases due to turbulence is represented by introducing a diffusion term in mass conservation equation. The mathematical simulation agrees well with the experiment results. The study results indicate that the distance of two nozzles has big effect on fluid flow behavior in the vessel. Using two gas injection nozzles at the half radii of one diameter of the bottom generates a much better mixing than with one nozzle under the condition of the same total gas flow rate.     

Agents and Lattice-valued Logic

In fuzzy set theory, instead of the underlying membership set being a two -valued set it is a multi-valued set that generally has the structure of a lattice L with a minimal element O and the maximal element I. Furthermore if ∧, ∨, → and ┐ are defined in the set L, then we can use these operations to define, as in the ordinary set theory, operations on fuzzy subsets. In this paper we give a model of the Lattice-Valued Logic with set of agents.Any agents know the logic value of a sentence p. The logic value is compatible with all of the accessible conceptual models or worlds of p inside the agent. Agent can be rational or irrational in the use of the logic operation.Every agent of n agents can have the same set of conceptual models for p and know the same logic for p in this case the agents form a consistent group of agents.When agents have different conceptual models for p,different subgroup of agents know different logic value for p. In this case the n agents are inconsistent in the expression of the logic value for p. The valuation structure of set of agents can be used as a semantic model for the Lattice-valued Logic and fuzzy logic.     

Forest Canopy Flow Analysis Using Turbulence Model with Source/Sink Terms

A computational fluid dynamics( CFD) model was presented to simulate wind flow over a forest canopy for analyzing the wind flow within and above forest canopies. Unlike previous studies on the canopy flow,the effect of canopy contour on the canopy was considered to develop the simulation method into a more general but complex case of wind flow over a forest canopy,using cedrus deodara and cinnamomum camphora. The desire of this work is mainly motivated to provide a rational way for predicting the wind flow within and above vegetation canopies. The model of canopy is not incorporated in the geometrical model,and it uses a porous domain combined with k-ε two-equation turbulence model with source / sink terms. The objectives of this paper are to analyze the contour of pressure and velocity and compare the simulation results with other works and field measurements. Results are encouraging,as the model profiles of mean velocity( u) qualitatively agree well with other works compared with and quantitatively have similar explanations as several authors. In conclusion, it is demonstrated that the adoption turbulence model with source / sink terms for forest canopies is proved to be a physically accurate and numerically robust method. The model and method are recommended for future use in simulating turbulent flows in forest canopies.     

Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations and dynamic programming for power-optimization of a multistage heat engine system with generalized convective heat transfer law

A multistage endoreversible Carnot heat engine system operating between a finite thermal capacity high-temperature fluid reservoir and an infinite thermal capacity low-temperature environment with generalized convective heat transfer law [q∝(ΔT) m ] is investigated in this paper.Optimal control theory is applied to derive the continuous Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equations,which determine the optimal fluid temperature configurations for maximum power output under the conditions of fixed initial time and fixed initial temperature of the driving fluid.Based on the universal optimization results,the analytical solution for the Newtonian heat transfer law (m=1) is also obtained.Since there are no analytical solutions for the other heat transfer laws (m≠1),the continuous HJB equations are discretized and dynamic programming algorithm is performed to obtain the complete numerical solutions of the optimization problem.The relationships among the maximum power output of the system,the process period and the fluid temperature are discussed in detail.The results obtained provide some theoretical guidelines for the optimal design and operation of practical energy conversion systems.     

Energy dispersion of complex non-isolated vortices

Energy dispersion is a fundamental scientific problem in the study of natural disasters such as typhoons, heavy rain and earthquakes. The problem has been addressed by both multi-discipline research and forecast studies. The dynamics of isolated circular vortex energy dispersion have been solved. However, the disastrous results of typhoons and heavy rain often occur due to non-isolated circular vortices, the dynamics of which are explored in this paper. The energy dispersion characteristics of non-isolated vortices with complex structural patterns are examined using a linearized nondivergent barotropical vorticity equation model. In the initial field, a tropical cyclone (TC) vortex and a meso-scale vortex coexist, forming a complex structural pattern. An analytic solution based on a Fourier transform and simulations using a two-dimensional model show the following. (1) A wave train of TC-G-D may be created by the energy dispersion where the line connecting the three member centers of the wave train is parallel to the x axis in the case of an initial TC vortex without a meso-scale vortex. (2) A wave train of TC-G-D may also be created by energy dispersion. However, the line connecting the three member centers of the wave train would no longer be parallel to the x axis. Instead, they would form a triangle in the presence of the initial TC vortex with the meso-scale vortex. (3) There is a nonlinear relationship between the initial intensity of the meso-scale vortex and the base angle of the triangle. These results have the potential to be applied in the field of typhoon forecasting.     

Effect of wing planform on leading-edge vortex structures

Flow visualization experiments are conducted in water tunnel for low aspect ratio cropped wings at low Reynolds number. The experimental results show that the model sweep angle Λ influences the formation and development of the leading-edge vortex. For wings with Λ =0°, the dominant flow structure is transverse vortex. When Λ≥26°, the dual vortex structure can be observed at some angles of attack, and it is confirmed that the dual vortex is a special structure for flow over low aspect ratio wing at low Reyno...     

Research on object-oriented SOC design methodology

The growing complexity of System on Chip （SOC） requres a system level specicanon and design approach. High-level languages such as C＋＋/SystemC can play multiple roles in system design as target languages. There are many practical problems in the application of object-oriented methods for this goal. Based on the analysis of traditional and system-level design methodology, a new object-oriented SOC design methodology with object-oriented design patterns is proposed, which emphasizes high-level design and verification. Aiming at the final goal of developing design patterns specific to SOC design, the reuse of design patterns in SOC systems and the capability of new SOC design patterns are discussed. With the illustration of some concrete examples of SOC design patterns, the application of object-oriented design methodology in the SOC design process is presented.     

Optimization and Evaluation of Sputtering Barrier/Seed Layer in Through Silicon Via for 3-D Integration

The barrier/seed layer is a key issue in Through Silicon Via （TSV） technology for 3-D integration. Sputtering is an important deposition method for via metallization in semiconductor process. However, due to the limitation of sputtering and a ＂scallop＂ profile inside vias, poor step coverage of the barrier/seed layer always occurs in the via metallization process. In this paper, the effects of several sputter parameters （DC power, Ar pressure, deposition time, and substrate temperature） on thin film coverage for TSV applications are investigated. Robust TSVs with aspect ratio 5 ： 1 were obtained with optimized magnetron sputter parameters. In addition, the influences of different sputter parameters are compared and the conclusion could be used as a guideline to select appropriate parameter sets.     

Numerical study of the propagation of small-amplitude atmospheric gravity wave

By using a two-dimensional fully nonlinear compressible atmospheric dynamic numerical model, the propagation of a small amplitude gravity wave packet is simulated. A corresponding linear model is also developed for comparison. In an isothermal atmosphere, the simulations show that the nonlinear effects impacting on the propagation of a small amplitude gravity wave are negligible. In the nonisothermal atmosphere, however, the nonlinear effects are remarkable. They act to slow markedly down the propagation velocity of wave energy and therefore reduce the growth ratio of the wave amplitude with time. But the energy is still conserved. A proof of this is provided by the observations in the middle atmosphere.     

A Comparison of Cultural Connotations between English and Chinese Color Words and Phrases

In social anthropology,"culture"is a catch word for all those patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting. It is always a collective phenomenon, because it is at least partly shared with people who live or lived within the same social environment. Culture can be classified into several layers of which historical, regional, religious, and social cultures are discussed in this paper. Language and culture are closely related. Certain language reflects certain culture in which the language is used. As two different languages, Chinese and English have their own cultural characteristics and connotations. This paper compares the cultural connotations of Chinese and English color words to see how important the cultural background of a language is in cross-cultural communication.     

Subharmonic and ultraharmonic emissions based on the nonlinear oscillation of encapsulated microbubbles in ultrasound contrast agents

Subbarmonics or ultraharmonics provides better contrast-to-tissue ratio （CTR） than the fundamental or the second harmonics, having prospective application in medical diagnosis. In this paper, subharmonic and ultraharmonic emissions are theoretically studied through nonlinear oscillation of encapsulated bubbles. The optimized frequencies for emissions of the subharmonics and ultraharmonics are discussed. In addition, sound pressure dependences of the subharmonics and ultraharmonics are studied in theory as well as in measurement. Results reveal that the developments of both subharmonics and ultraharmonics have the same trend, i.e. occurrence, growth and saturation, but the generation of ultraharmonic is a little earlier than that of subharmonic.     

Numerical Method for Heat and Mass Transfer in Air Washer-2.Spray Drop Trajectories of Horizontal Parallel Flow

Air Washer are employed in large air-conditioning sys-tems for dust removal and for evaporative cooling withappropriate design which can result in energy saving.Topredict the heat and mass transfer in water spray-air-flow system,a two-dimensional numerical model simu-lating the conservation of mass,momentum and energyof air and water are developed.Further,drop trajecto-ries in the case of horizontal parallel flow in air washerhave been simulated.The results of the simulations areused to investigate the effect of the initial droplet size,the spray angle and the airflow velocity on the drop ve-locity field and drop trajectories.