4株根瘤菌菌株与热研5号柱花草共生最适钼浓度研究

采用砂培的方法,设7个钼水平,4个菌株,通过对株高增加、地上部产量、植株氮含量、根瘤数和固氮酶活性的测定及综合分析,确定使热研5号柱花草接种不同根瘤菌菌株达到最佳促生性能的钼浓度.结果表明：高浓度钼不利于产量的增加,缺钼不利于氮含量的增加;经主因子分析,热研5号柱花草接种LZ3-2的最适钼浓度为1 500 mg·L－1, 接种菌株RJS9-2及不接种的最适钼浓度为1 000～1 500 mg·L－1,接种菌株YM11-1最适钼浓度为500～1 500 mg·L－1;接种菌株PN13-3最适钼浓度为2 000 mg·L－1.     

不同豌豆品种根瘤菌接种效应的比较研究

通过盆栽试验,选取中豌4号(V1)、中豌6号(V2)、成豌8号(V3)、鄂豌567(V4)、红花青豌豆(V5)和中豌5号(V6)共6个品种为实验材料,进行接种根瘤菌(Accc16103)和不接种处理,比较分析接种根瘤菌对不同豌豆品种种植地的土壤肥力、根瘤发育及其固氮酶活性、豌豆产量构成因素及籽粒品质的影响.结果表明,接种根瘤菌后,中豌5号能显著提高有机质含量,而中豌4号、中豌6号、成豌8号、鄂豌567则能显著提高全氮含量;除成豌8号外,其余品种能显著提高碱解氮含量.中豌4号和红花青豌豆可显著提高有效钾含量,而成豌8号、鄂豌567则能显著提高速效磷含量.接种根瘤菌还可以显著提高豌豆品种的根瘤干重(鄂豌567除外)和固氮酶活性,但对不同豌豆品种单株荚数的影响不明显,中豌6号品种接种可显著提高单荚粒数,而中豌4号、中豌6号和成豌8号在接种根瘤菌后均显著提高百粒重.此外,研究还发现,接种根瘤菌还可以显著提高不同豌豆品种籽粒中粗蛋白质含量和粗纤维含量.     

耕作方式与接种根瘤菌对土壤肥力及豌豆产量与品质的影响

以'中豌四号'豌豆品种为材料,采用双因素随机区组设计,在冬闲稻田上采用免耕和翻耕两种耕作方式,种植接种和不接种根瘤菌两个处理,探讨不同耕作方式与接种根瘤菌对培肥冬闲稻田肥力及豌豆产量与品质的影响.结果表明:免耕下种植接种或不接种根瘤菌均可显著提高有机质含量.免耕处理及翻耕-接种处理均可显著提高土壤全氮含量,但耕作方式与...     

好氧反硝化菌的物理诱变法育种研究

以实验室SBR反应器分离出的好氧反硝化菌(WXZ-9)为原始菌株,分别用微波和紫外线诱变.通过反硝化性能测定筛选得到的正突变体WXZ-9-8号,96 h后的TIN去除率达到67.20%,比出发菌株WXZ-9号菌提高了7.07%,NO3--N去除率在24 h达到100%;WXZ-9-8号突变体的最大亚硝基氮还原速率达到52.89 mgNO2--N.L-1.d-1,比WXZ-9号菌株高6.90mgNO2--N.L-1.d-1.结果表明:WXZ-9-8号突变体具有更好的亚硝基氮还原酶的活性,并且比出发菌株有更好的生长适应性.     

北京地区紫花苜蓿根瘤菌接种剂的研制

紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa Linn．）是营养价值很高的饲用作物，也是北京地区大力发展的牧草品种之一，筛选与之共生固氮的根瘤菌，用于微生物肥料的生产，具有重要意义．XJ83073和XJ83097为两株具有高效固氮活性的根瘤菌菌株，根盘试验表明：接种XJ83073和XJ83097的紫花苜蓿植株鲜重（产量）较未接种空白对照分别增加12．7％-65．2％和25．0％-81．0％．摇瓶试验结果表明，两株根瘤菌在YMA培养基中适宜放罐时间分别为30h和36h，发酵液中根瘤菌活菌数分别达8．9×10^9CFU／mL和5．1×10^9CFU／mL．本试验制备了种衣剂与草炭剂两种剂型的根瘤菌接种剂．盆栽试验表明，种衣剂处理苜蓿种子后其产量较草炭剂型与未接种对照分别提高17．6％和27．9％．进一步田间试验表明，XJ83073和XJ83097两菌株包衣处理可使苜蓿地上部干重较对照分别增加85．9％和69．6％，增产效果显著。     

甘草高效根瘤菌菌株筛选试验研究

采用室内水培法,研究了10株甘草根瘤菌对红皮和黄皮甘草的接种效果。结果表明:接种根瘤菌后的甘草各项生长性状均有不同程度改善,综合地上干重、地下主根干重、根瘤数量及结瘤率等技术指标,筛选出不同甘草品种最佳匹配的根瘤菌菌株,即红皮甘草与菌株R367,黄皮甘草与菌株R172的亲合力最高, R367、R172为筛选的高效根瘤菌菌株。     

基因标记法研究石灰性土施铁肥对花生根瘤菌固氮作用的影响

以缺铁的石灰性紫色土为供试土壤做盆栽实验，选用三株慢生型花生根瘤菌及gusA和celB基因标记的菌株接种花生．结果发现，缺铁的石灰性紫色土上施铁肥能促进接种根瘤菌的有效性和竞争性；喷施0．2％的硫酸亚铁溶液的效果比0．3％的好；两种标记方法检测到的占瘤率间无显著差异；供试菌株中Spr4-5的有效性和竞争性最强，接种菌株Spr4-5的花生产量最高，喷施0．2％的铁溶液时其产量比CK产量提高204．31％.     

小冠花_Coronillavaria_根瘤菌生理生化特性和共生效应的研究

小冠花根瘤菌8406、MXCV1、MXCV2.MWCV3,MXCV4等五菌株的生理生化特性研究表明:8406、MXCV1、MXCV2在YEM培养基中生长较快,代时在5小时以下;而MXCV_3;MXCV4生长较慢,代时分别为8.0和8.4小时.所有菌株在YEM培养基中产酸,对单糖、双糖、多糖等多种碳源的利用行为相似,在碳源利用时大多产酸,对抗菌素的抗性特征等都与一般快生型根瘤菌相似.菌株对有机氮源利用较好,而利用无机氮源生长较差.石蕊牛奶反应中均出现血清环、产酸或产碱,菌株在34℃以上高温均不生长,生长pH范围为6.0—8.5,菌株的耐盐能力不超过0.1mol/L NaCl.小冠花——根瘤菌共生效应表明,菌株MXCV_2的接种效果最显著,有作为优良菌株用于生产菌剂的前景.     

梭梭根际根瘤菌对紫花苜蓿生长及耐盐性的影响

目的 土壤盐渍化是降低植物生产力、制约农业发展的主要非生物胁迫因素之一,豆科植物共生固氮菌对土壤盐渍化非常敏感,因此探讨盐胁迫下荒漠植物根际根瘤菌资源对紫花苜蓿生长及耐盐性的影响,有望为豆科植物新型复合微生物菌肥的研发和增强紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)耐盐能力提供理论基础和优质菌种资源。方法 以从梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)根际分离得到的3株根瘤菌(WAW-10、WA30-5和WM30-21)为研究对象,探究0和300 mmol/L NaCl处理下3株梭梭根际根瘤菌对紫花苜蓿生长和耐盐性的影响。结果 接种3株梭梭根际根瘤菌均促进了正常条件和盐胁迫下紫花苜蓿植株的生长,叶绿素含量、根系活力、含碳量和含氮量均显著提升,尤以菌株WM30-21的综合效果最佳;各接菌处理均可诱导紫花苜蓿结瘤,尤以菌株WM30-21的效果最佳。盐胁迫下,接种3株梭梭根际根瘤菌均提高了紫花苜蓿的过氧化氢酶活性,降低了相对质膜透性和丙二醛含量,从而维持了质膜的相对完整性;并提高了紫花苜蓿叶片可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量,从而增强了渗透调节能力;还降低了紫花苜蓿植株中的Na⁺含量、维持K⁺含量的相对稳定,从而提高了钾、钠离子物质量之比(K⁺/Na⁺),其中以菌株WM30-21的效果最佳。结论 接种3株梭梭根际根瘤菌均不同程度地促进了紫花苜蓿的生长,并通过维持质膜的相对完整性、增强渗透调节能力和提高K⁺/Na⁺来增强其耐盐性,其中以菌株WM30-21效果最佳。     

枯草芽孢杆菌KJ发酵豆粕制备新型蛋白肽饲料的研究

以脱脂豆粕粉为原料,具有分泌丰富酶系能力的菌株枯草芽孢杆菌KJ为发酵菌株,通过单因素试验,确定最优发酵降解条件.得出最佳发酵工艺:豆粕粉6％,葡萄糖2％,接种量9％,菌龄12 h,经发酵48 h后,豆粕粉蛋白中小分子肽含量达58.86％,比发酵前提高了37.99％.     

5种豆科牧草生产性能比较

2006~2008年在广西畜牧研究所内对山毛豆(Tephrosia candida)、圆叶决明(Cassia rof undif olia Pers.)、羽叶决明(Chamaecradta nicitans)、圆叶舞草(Codariocalyx gyrans)、184柱花草(Stylosanthes guianensis cv.ReyanNo.2)5个豆科牧草品种进行生产性能比较试验。结果表明,圆叶舞草鲜草产量最高(5.06kg/m2),其次是山毛豆(4.69kg/m2),分别比对照品种184柱花草的产量(3.08kg/m2)提高64.28%和52.27%。山毛豆和圆叶舞草适合广西种植,其再生性好,鲜草产量高,粗蛋白质含量高,有望成为广西乃至南方地区新的优质豆科牧草新品种。     

RAPD analysis of genetic variability among Stylosanthes guianenesis accessions of resistant and susceptible to the stylo anthracnose

Stylosanthes guianenesis Sw. is an important tropical forage legume grown and utilized in the tropics and the subtropics of South China. Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc., is a major constraint to the extensive use of Stylosanthes. Forty-five accessions of S. guianensis were assessed with RAPD for genetic diversity and for resistance to anthracnose. RAPD analysis was performed using twenty primers screened from 200 arbitrary oligonucleotides, and a 71.5% level of polymorphism was found. The dendrogram obtained with unweighted pair group method of averages (UPGMA) based on the RAPD data showed genetic similarity from 50% to 94% among all stylo accessions, and fourteen clusters were defined at 66.5% genetic similarity. Two strains of C. gloeosporioides from stylo in China were used for anthracnose resistance screening. All plant accessions showed variation in the reaction to two strains and the correlation of resistance had a value of 0.904. Multiple correspondence analysis displayed a random distribution of the resistance or susceptibility response with respect to the genetic diversity measured by RAPD analysis except one group. Mean distance was also calculated to determine the diversity within clusters. From our results, the RAPD analysis is an effective and efficient technique of providing quantitative estimates of genetic similarity among stylo accessions.     

优良豆科牧草大翼豆06-2选育研究

以豆科牧草大翼豆[Macroptilium atropur-pureum(dc.)urbcv.Siratro]为材料,通过单株选择,培育出优质高产的豆科牧草大翼豆06-2[M.atropur-pureum(dc.)urbcv.Siratro No.06-2],并对其进行品种比较试验和区域试验。结果表明,大翼豆06-2适应性广,抗寒,耐轻霜,丰产性能好,年平均鲜草产量高达42822.0kg/hm2,比对照品种高20.3%~33.3%。此外,大翼豆06-2生长速度快,蛋白质含量高达19.0%,具有较高的营养价值,有望成为亚热带地区的优良豆科牧草品种。     

不同消解法对土样中汞的测定对比分析

采用微波消解、水浴加热、电热板加热方法消解土壤标准样品,以氢化物发生-原子荧光法测定消解液中汞的含量,比较了几种消解方式的精密度与准确度。结果表明:微波消解法可达到较高的精密度与准确性,其相对标准偏差为1.6%~5.5%;水浴加热法相对标准偏差为2.3%~8.9%,适用于大量样品的消解;电热板法相对标准偏差为1.8%~12.4%,精确度差且酸耗大。水浴加热消解法因其酸耗小、操作简便、测定结果准确度较高等特点更适用于环境监测工作中大批量土壤样品中汞含量的测定。     

土壤含水量对红豆杉紫杉醇含量及相关生理指标的影响

以曼地亚红豆杉扦插苗为材料,在温室条件下研究了不同土壤含水量对其枝叶紫杉醇含量及相关生理指标的影响。结果显示：（1）枝叶中紫杉醇产量均随土壤含水量的降低而降低,在土壤含水量（258 %）大于对照（184 %）时,单株枝叶干质量比对照提高3366 %,相应紫杉醇产量提高5356 %。在土壤含水量为129 %、86 %和43 %的处理下,枝叶产量分别比对照减少885 %、1849 %和2958 %,而紫杉醇产量相应减少2415 %、5108 %和8297 %。（2）随着土壤含水量的降低,枝叶叶绿素含量随土壤含水量的降低而降低,脯氨酸和溶性糖含量先增加后降低,而丙二醛含量先降低后增加。     

不同光质对47号山药零余子愈伤组织诱导的影响

以47号山药脱毒试管苗诱导的零余子为材料,研究了光质和培养基组合对愈伤组织诱导形成时间及诱导率的影响,再将其培养在最佳培养基中,研究不同光质对愈伤组织鲜重、干重和生长率的影响.结果表明,从愈伤组织诱导形成的时间和诱导率方面,红光与MS+6-BA 2mg.L-1+2,4-D 2mg.L-1组合最佳,第6d开始形成愈伤组织,30d时愈伤组织诱导率达到100%;从愈伤组织的生长方面,白光和红光有利于愈伤组织鲜重的增加,白光和黄光有利于愈伤组织干物质的积累,红光和黄光有利于愈伤组织生长率的提高;而绿光则起了抑制作用.     

Isolation and application of effective nitrogen fixation rhizobial strains on low-phosphorus acid soils in South China

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a very important food and oil crop in China. Legume-rhizobium symbiotic nitrogen (N) fixation is an important biological character and also the base of improving soil fertility of soybean. However, soybean production and development is severely limited in tropical and subtropical areas in China due to a lack of effective rhizobial inoculants adapting to low-phosphorus (P) acid soils. In the present study, 12 soybean rhizobial strains were isolated and purified from the nodules of two soybean genotypes contrasting in P efficiency, which were grown on different low-P acid soils with different soybean cultivation histories. Results from 16S rDNA sequence analysis showed that these 12 rhizobial strains belonged to the genus of Bradyrhizobium, which had higher nitrogenase activities compared to the control strain, Bradyrhizboium japonicum USDA110. A field experiment was carried out by applying rhizobial inoculants, a mixture of three rhizobial strains that showed the highest nitrogenase activity, on a typical low-P acid soil in South China. The results showed that, without inoculation, no nodules were formed in the three soybean genotypes tested; with inoculation, the nodulation rates in all were 100%. Inoculation with rhizobial inoculants not only made many nodules formed, but also increased soybean shoot biomass and yield, and improved nitrogen (N) and P nutrient status. Among which, shoot dry weight, N and P content of a soybean genotype, Huachun 3, inoculated with rhizobium were increased 154.3%, 152.4% and 163.2% compared to that without inoculation, respectively. We concluded that: (i) The effective indigenous rhizobial strains isolated in this study from soybeans on low-P acid soils in South China have the characters of broad host range, high nodulation efficiency, efficient N fixation, great low pH and low P tolerance. (ii) Soil environment and host types are the key factors to screen the effective rhizobial strains. Considering soil pH values and P efficiency of the host genotypes might increase the screening efficiency. (iii) Improving N status and facilitating root growth might be the mechanisms of increasing the P uptake in soybean plants inoculated with the effective rhizobial strains on low-P acid soils. (iv) Inoculation with the effective rhizobial inoculants could significantly improve growth, N and P content of soybean on low-P acid soils, which might be an effective approach to enhance soybean cultivation and development in these areas. Therefore, application and extension of inoculation techniques with effective rhizobial inoculants in legumes would result in great economical, environmental and ecological benefits. The authors contributed equally to this work Supported by National Key Basic Research and Development of China (Grant No. 2005CB120902), McKnight Foundation Collaborative Crop Research Program (USA) (Grant No. 05-780) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30571111)     

粘质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens)研究Ⅱ--营养基质和不同色光对粘质沙雷氏菌生长的影响

粘质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens)9-1、9-2、16-1 3菌株,在牛肉膏蛋白胨培养基上生长很好,产生红色菌落. 它们都利用乳糖、D-半乳糖、L-( )阿拉伯糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、D-山梨醇,生长良好并产生红色色素;在硫酸铵、L-赖氨酸、尿素、酪蛋白水解物、DL-天门冬酰胺、胰蛋白胨为氮源的培养基上生长得好并产生红色色素,而在硝酸铵、硝酸钠为氮源的培养基上则生长差和产生粉红色色素;Na^ 、K^ 、PO3^-4、Ca^2 、Mg^2 等元素对这3菌株的生长和产生红色色素有一些影响;白色光有促进生长和红色色素的产生,绿色光和黄色光对生长和红色色素产生则有不良影响.     

青海蚕豆根瘤菌共生固氮效应的研究

蚕豆根瘤菌属于快生型根瘤菌，24h形成菌落。在盆栽试验中，蚕豆根瘤菌QX－2与蚕豆具有良好共生效应，其株高、茎叶干重及含氮量，株瘤数，根瘤重量以及固氮酶活性等，均明显高于不接种对照，固氮率提高69.49%。接种根瘤菌是提高蚕豆共生固氮效应的技术措施。