神狐海域水合物藏降压开采的数值模拟

目前在降压法开采水合物藏方面,主要侧重于对降压生产规律、水合物藏地质参数敏感性、降压法开采有效性及开发潜力等的研究,实际上在降压开采过程中,开采参数也会影响水合物藏的开采动态。根据神狐海域水合物藏现场资料,应用数值模拟的方法,进行了神狐海域2017年水合物试采试验的拟合,验证了所建地质模型的可靠性,在此基础上创新性地研究了降压幅度和降压速度对水合物藏开采动态的影响。研究结果表明:水合物未完全分解前,降压幅度越大,水合物分解速度越快,同一时刻产气速度也越快;降压速度越快,产气峰值越大且越早出现,同一时刻累产气越多。因此建议开采神狐水合物藏时降压幅度至少应为初始压力的0.5倍,并考虑实际操作工艺和设备安全性,选择较快的降压速度。     

神狐深水海域天然气水合物成藏的气源条件

为深入分析南海北部神狐深水海域天然气水合物形成的气源控制因素,以神狐海域天然气水合物调查区为重
点研究对象,在基础调查资料和相关钻探成果的综合研究基础上,全面探讨了神狐海域天然气水合物成藏的气源供给
条件。研究结果表明：（1）神狐海域浅层400～1 200 m 以内具备良好的适合微生物成因甲烷气体生成条件,生物气生
气潜力巨大;（2）深部古近系文昌组湖相和恩平组煤系两套成熟烃源岩,亦以生气为主,能够提供一定数量的热解气
补充之;（3）深部成熟热解气通过纵向断层或底辟通道垂向运移至浅层海底,在浅部与微生物气一起侧向运移至天然
气水合物稳定域内形成混合型天然气水合物藏。     

2017年天然气水合物研发热点回眸

 2017年，天然气水合物研发领域散发出强劲活力，发生了一系列重大事件。本文回顾了2017年日本南海海槽天然气水合物试采、中国神狐海域天然气水合物试采、中国荔湾海域天然气水合物试采、天然气水合物作为新矿种等重大事件和进展，盘点了天然气水合物油气系统在中国南海神狐海域等主要地区的应用与研究、动力学抑制剂、开采方法、沉积物稳定性、环境效应等研究热点，部分展示了中国在天然气水合物领域作出的贡献，并进一步分析了天然气水合物未来研究热点。     

乌鲁木齐城市表层土壤盐分特征分析

以乌鲁木齐城市表层土壤为研究对象,对建成区和郊区不同用地类型土壤全盐量、可溶性离子等指标进行测定,采用相关性分析以及主成分分析方法分析土壤盐分特征.结果表明:在研究区,郊区未利用地、郊区农用地、建成区土壤全盐量均值依次增高.不同土壤类型全盐量变异系数范围为0.691~0.715,属于强变异强度,离散程度较大.Cl-,Na+,Ca2+,SO2-4含量较高,尤其是SO2-4;在0.01水平上,土壤全盐与Cl-,SO2-4,Ca2+,Mg2+,Na+呈显著正相关,与HCO-3呈显著负相关;通过主成分分析可以看出,Mg2+,SO2-4,Ca2+3个离子是表征研究区土壤盐渍化的主要特征因子,经土壤盐渍化程度的等级划分标准评价,确定研究区土壤为非盐渍化土.     

Glycerol ether biomarkers and their carbon isotopic compositions in a cold seep carbonate chimney from the Shenhu area,northern South China Sea

At modern cold seeps,the anaerobic oxidation of methane(AOM)is the dominant pathway for methane consumption in marine sediments.AOM,which is mediated by a consortium of methane oxidizing archaea and sulfate reducing bacteria,is proposed to be responsible for authigenic carbonate formation.A methane-derived carbonate chimney was collected from the Shenhu area, northern South China Sea.The membrane lipids and their very low carbon isotopic compositions(?115‰to?104‰)in the Shenhu chimney suggest the presence of an AOM process.Three specific archaeal and bacterial biomarkers were detected,including Ar,DAGE 1f,and monocyclic MDGD.Their strongly depleted??13C values(?115‰to?104‰),which are lower than those of the normal marine lipids in sediments,reveal biogenic methane as their origin.The carbonate deposits exhibiting a chimney structure indicate that a vigorous methane-rich fluid expulsion may have occurred at the seafloor.We propose that the decomposition of gas hydrates at depth is the likely cause of seepage and cold seep carbonate formation in the Shenhu area.     

Chloride and potassium channels in cystic fibrosis airway epithelia

Cystic fibrosis, the most common lethal genetic disease in Caucasians, is characterized by a decreased permeability in sweat gland duct and airway epithelia. In sweat duct epithelium, a decreased Cl- permeability accounts for the abnormally increased salt content of sweat. In airway epithelia a decreased Cl- permeability, and possibly increased sodium absorption, may account for the abnormal respiratory tract fluid. The Cl- impermeability has been localized to the apical membrane of cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells. The finding that hormonally regulated Cl- channels make the apical membrane Cl- permeable in normal airway epithelial cells suggested abnormal Cl- channel function in cystic fibrosis. Here we report that excised, cell-free patches of membrane from cystic fibrosis epithelial cells contain Cl- channels that have the same conductive properties as Cl- channels from normal cells. However, Cl- channels from cystic fibrosis cells did not open when they were attached to the cell. These findings suggest defective regulation of Cl- channels in cystic fibrosis epithelia; to begin to address this issue, we performed two studies. First, we found that isoprenaline, which stimulates Cl- secretion, increases cellular levels of cyclic AMP in a similar manner in cystic fibrosis and non-cystic fibrosis epithelial cells. Second, we show that adrenergic agonists open calcium-activated potassium channels, indirectly suggesting that calcium-dependent stimulus-response coupling is intact in cystic fibrosis. These data suggest defective regulation of Cl- channels at a site distal to cAMP accumulation.     

Phosphorylation fails to activate chloride channels from cystic fibrosis airway cells

Chloride impermeability of epithelial cells can account for many of the experimental and clinical manifestations of cystic fibrosis (CF). Activation of apical-membrane Cl- channels by cyclic AMP-mediated stimuli is defective in CF airway epithelial cells, despite normal agonist-induced increases in cellular cAMP levels. This defect in Cl- channel regulation has been localized to the apical membrane by exposing the cytoplasmic surface of excised membrane patches to the catalytic subunit (C subunit) of cAMP-dependent protein kinase and ATP. In membranes from normal cells, C-subunit activated Cl- channels with properties identical to those stimulated by cAMP-dependent agonists during cell-attached recording. Activation by the C subunit was not observed in CF membranes, but the presence of Cl- channels was verified by voltage-induced activation. The failure of the C subunit to activate the Cl- channels of CF membranes indicates that the block in their cAMP-mediated activation lies distal to induction of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity and focuses our attention on the Cl- channel and its membrane-associated regulatory proteins as the probable site of the CF defect.     

含水合物细粒土的强度和变形特性

天然气水合物是一种巨大能源,深刻刻画水合物储层的力学性质是安全开采气体的重要前提。目前对含水合物沉积物力学特性的研究主要针对粗粒土,而对于细颗粒沉积物研究较少。然而,中国南海神狐海域水合物储层区的沉积物是泥质粉细砂型。基于此,参照神狐海域水合物赋存区沉积物的物理性质配制了试验土样,形成了含四氢呋喃(THF)水合物细粒土,对其进行了三轴剪切试验。结果显示:在低围压和高水合物饱和度下,含水合物细粒土试样的应力应变曲线呈现应变软化,而在高围压和低水合物饱和度下表现为应变硬化;含水合物细粒土随剪切作用表现出剪缩效应;强度和刚度随着水合物含量和围压增加而提高;水合物含量的增加明显提高了黏聚力,但是对内摩擦角的影响很小。基于摩尔库伦强度准则,建立了破坏强度与围压和水合物饱和度间的关系,该关系式可以较好地预测强度的变化。     

崇明东滩湿地生态系统碳通量贡献区分析

利用崇明东滩湿地所建造的通量观测塔,连续监测了2006年生态系统的二氧化碳通量及其相关因子的变化.利用FSAM(Flux Source Area Model)模型,并结合地面测定,对湿地生态系统碳通量贡献区进行了分析.发现通量贡献区范围在各风向均随大气稳定程度的增加而拉长.在稳定的大气条件下,非主风方向上的通量贡献区范围要显著大于主风方向上的通量贡献区,但在非稳定大气条件下,两者相差不大.由FSAM模型所估测的通量贡献区范围表明:所测的碳通量数据可以较好地反映下垫面的通量信息.     

碳吸附对海水入侵区地下水氟及其他性质影响

沿海海水入侵区地下水氟中毒屡见不鲜,对比分析氟超标但经吸附处理、氟未超标和氟超标村庄地下水性质发现:经过简单吸附法处理高氟地下水,虽然氟处于正常阈值,但Cl-、NO3-、NO2-、TDS和总硬度等仍严重超标。处理后的地下水与氟中毒村庄地下水Ec、TDS、总硬度、Cl-、Br-、NO3-、NO2-、SO42-、Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Sr2+等指标相当,表明单一吸附法仅使得地下水氟降低,但对其它离子影响较小,吸附法处理的地下水仍存在饮用风险。地球化学指标也表明,氟中毒村庄地下水受海水入侵影响显著,高氟地下水与海水入侵相伴而生。因此,在处理海水入侵区高氟地下水时,应考虑海水入侵与地下水氟富集的关系,发展特殊的综合处理技术。     

亲核取代竞争反应的高效液相色谱测定法

用高效液相色谱法测定Cl~-和B_1~-在亲核取代竞争反应中所生成的相应卤代物混合物各组分摩尔含量,以确证其亲核性强弱.本法操作简便,快速,重现性好,准确度高.     

A Cl- conductance activated by hyperpolarization in Aplysia neurones

Although many voltage-gated cation channels have been described and extensively studied in biological membranes, there are very few examples of voltage-gated anion channels. Chloride conductances activated by depolarization have been observed in skate electroplaque and in frog and chick skeletal muscle. A Cl- conductance activated by hyperpolarization has been suggested both for frog muscle treated with acid (pH 5) solutions, and for crayfish muscle where it could account for the fact that the pronounced inward-going rectification of the I-V curve disappears if the fibres have been soaked in a Cl(-)-free solution. More recently, voltage-dependent anion channels extracted from biological membranes have been incorporated into artificial membranes. I now report that in Aplysia neurones, and in particular those in which the internal Cl- concentration has been increased, a Cl- conductance can be observed which is slowly activated by hyperpolarization and shows a vary steep voltage dependence. This time- and voltage-dependent Cl- conductance probably exists also in many other cells. Its presence might explain why it is difficult when using KCl-filled microelectrodes to maintain prolonged hyperpolarizations. This Cl- conductance constitutes a new type of inward-going rectification distinct both from the classical "anomalous rectification' which involves selective K+ channels and from the current termed if in heart muscle that is presently attributed to a cationic conductance.     

Defective regulation of outwardly rectifying Cl- channels by protein kinase A corrected by insertion of CFTR.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a lethal genetic disease resulting in a reduced Cl- permeability, increased mucous sulphation, increased Na+ absorption and defective acidification of lysosomal vesicles. The CF gene encodes a protein (the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, CFTR) that can function as a low-conductance Cl- channel with a linear current-voltage relationship whose regulation is defective in CF patients. Larger conductance, outwardly rectifying Cl- channels are also defective in CF and fail to activate when exposed either to cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A or to protein kinase C. The role of the outwardly rectifying Cl- channel in CF has been questioned. We report here that expression of recombinant CF genes using adeno-associated virus vectors in CF bronchial epithelial cells corrects defective Cl- secretion, that it induces the appearance of small, linear conductance Cl- channels, and restores protein kinase A activation of outwardly rectifying Cl- channels. These results re-establish an involvement of outwardly rectifying Cl- channels in CF and suggest that CFTR regulates more than one conductance pathway in airway tissues.     

Anion channels activated by adrenaline in cardiac myocytes

In heart cells, the catecholamine-activated cyclic AMP system regulates calcium and potassium channels. We report here a novel class of chloride channels that can be activated by adrenaline in mammalian ventricular cells. Like the agonist-activated Cl- channel currents of airway and colonic epithelial cells, the cardiac Cl(-)-channel current shows outward rectification. But the unit conductance of cardiac Cl- channels is smaller than that of epithelial Cl- channels. The cardiac Cl- channel is functionally voltage-independent, in contrast to the Cl- channel in colonic epithelial cells. This channel could be responsible for the beta-catecholamine-induced increase in cardiac membrane conductance that has been attributed to activation of a Cl- current. Thus, sympathetic control of cardiac electrical activity involves not only the voltage-dependent, excitation-related cation channels, but also anion channels that generate a steady current.     

基于测斜仪的天然气水合物开采海底变形监测

根据Okada线弹性理论, 提出并建立海域天然气水合物开采的海底变形场模型, 对开采产生的海底变形场进行正演模拟, 并采用模拟退火方法, 对合成观测数据进行模型参数反演。结果表明, 利用测斜仪监测能够得到水合物开采区域准确的倾角、方位角和体积等信息。不同噪声水平下的测试结果表明, 所采用的模型参数反演方法具有良好的抗噪性。另外, 结合2017年中国南海神狐海域水合物开采试验, 分析测斜仪监测在实际应用中的可行性, 表明“产能递减型”开采方案在海底稳定性方面具有一定的优势。     

Presynaptic glycine receptors enhance transmitter release at a mammalian central synapse

Glycine and GABAA (gamma-aminobutyric acid A) receptors are inhibitory neurotransmitter-gated Cl- channels localized in postsynaptic membranes. In some cases, GABAA receptors are also found presynaptically, but they retain their inhibitory effect as their activation reduces excitatory transmitter release. Here we report evidence for presynaptic ionotropic glycine receptors, using pre- and postsynaptic recordings of a calyceal synapse in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB). Unlike the classical action of glycine, presynaptic glycine receptors triggered a weakly depolarizing Cl- current in the nerve terminal. The depolarization enhanced transmitter release by activating Ca2+ channels and increasing resting intraterminal Ca2+ concentrations. Repetitive activation of glycinergic synapses on MNTB neurons also enhanced glutamatergic synaptic currents, indicating that presynaptic glycine receptors are activated by glycine spillover. These results reveal a novel site of action of the transmitter glycine, and indicate that under certain conditions presynaptic Cl- channels may increase transmitter release.     

Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase opens chloride channels in normal but not cystic fibrosis airway epithelium

Chloride (Cl-) secretion by the airway epithelium regulates, in part, the quantity and composition of the respiratory tract fluid, thereby facilitating mucociliary clearance. The rate of Cl- secretion is controlled by apical membrane Cl- channels. Apical Cl- channels are opened and Cl- secretion is stimulated by a variety of hormones and neurotransmitters that increase intracellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP). In cystic fibrosis (CF), a common lethal genetic disease of Caucasians, airway, sweat-gland duct, secretory-coil and possibly other epithelia are anion impermeable. This abnormality may explain several of the clinical manifestations of the disease. The Cl- impermeability in CF-airway epithelia has been localized to the apical cell membrane, where regulation of Cl- channels is abnormal: hormonal secretagogues stimulate cAMP accumulation appropriately but Cl- channels fail to open. Here we report that the purified catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase plus ATP opens Cl- channels in excised, cell-free patches of membrane from normal cells, but fails to open Cl- channels in CF cells. These results indicate that in normal cells, the cAMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylates the Cl- channel or an associated regulatory protein, causing the channel to open. The failure of CF Cl- channels to open suggests a defect either in the channel or in such an associated regulatory protein.     

Basolateral KCl co-transport in a NaCl-absorbing epithelium

In NaCl-absorbing epithelia such as proximal renal tubule, small intestine and gallbladder, Na+-dependent Cl- entry across the luminal membrane is an electroneutral transport process that has been attributed to Na-Cl symport, Na-K-Cl symport, or a double (Na-H, Cl-HCO3) antiport. At the basolateral (antiluminal) membrane, Na+ extrusion can be attributed to the Na+-K+ pump, and Cl- transport could be explained in principle by electrodiffusion since the intracellular Cl- activity is higher than predicted for equilibrium distribution. However, in Necturus gallbladder, as in other epithelia, the electrodiffusional Cl- permeability of the membrane (PCl) is too low to account for the transepithelial Cl- transport rate. Because K+ is at a higher chemical potential in the cell than in the extracellular fluid, and because serosal Cl- substitutions have only small effects on membrane potential, the hypothesis of carrier-mediated electroneutral KCl co-transport was proposed. The experiments reported here were designed to test this hypothesis in Necturus gallbladder epithelium. Intracellular Cl- and K+ activities (aCli, aKi) were measured with ion-sensitive intracellular microelectrodes before, during and after ionic substitutions of the serosal (basolateral) bathing medium. The results demonstrate a Na+-independent basolateral membrane KCl symport.     

洛阳烟区烤烟化学成分特点分析

对在2002-2005年间洛阳地区的70个烤烟样品进行了常规化学成分分析,结果表明:烤烟总氮、钾、氯、淀粉含量基本适宜,还原糖、烟碱、糖/碱、氮/碱、钾/氯等变异范围较大,部分样品烟叶烟碱、还原糖含量偏高;各化学成分间相互比例基本协调,少数烟叶化学成分比例不够协调甚至失衡.     

Spatial pattern of modern sedimentation rate of Qinghai Lake and a preliminary estimate of the sediment flux

We investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of1 37Cs radioactivity in surface sediment of Qinghai Lake,and developed the spatial pattern of sedimentation rate.The1 37Cs inventory is higher near the estuary/bank area,but lower at the central lake.On the other hand,the average1 37Cs activity is lower near the estuary/bank area,but higher at the central lake.The mass accumulation rate(MAR) and the fluxes and contents of the terrestrial detritus(e.g.SiO2,Fe2O3,and Ti) are higher near the estuary/bank area,b...