Morphology observation for surface orange peel and fracture in tension sample of aluminum alloy sheet and characterization of nano hardness

The tension property of aluminum-alloy sheet with different microstructures is measured,and the surface and tension fracture morphology of tension sample with and without orange peel are observed by using scanning electron microscope(SEM).Surface roughness and nano hardness of tension sample are measured.The results show that the average elongation of the samples with orange peel is lower than that without orange peel;especially the r value of perpendicular to the rolling direction is much lower than that without orange peel.The tension surface of the orange peel samples is very rough;various parameters of surface roughness are higher.Under the observation of SEM,a wider sliding band with a micro crack on the surface of orange peel sample can be found.The various parameters of surface roughness without orange peel sample are near to zero,the sliding band is narrow and without micro cracks.The dimple width in tensile fracture of orange peel sample is larger than that without orange peel sample,but shear lip is narrower.The nano hardness testing results show that samples with orange peel behave high elastic modulus,high hardness,and high maximum load,but low plastic deformation depth.These mentioned features can completely describe surface and fracture morphology of tension samples with orange peel.     

生物质碳在直接碳固体氧化物燃料电池中的应用

研究活性炭和碳化的梧桐叶、橘子皮为直接碳燃料电池燃料时的物化性能和电化学性能.通过X射线衍射研究燃料中碳的形态结构,采用能谱及拉曼研究燃料中元素质量分数.BET测试燃料的比表面积及孔结构.结果表明,碳化的橘子皮燃料中含有钾元素和较高的无定形碳质量分数,有利于碳的Boudouard反应和电化学反应.碳化橘子皮燃料比表面积为74 m2·g-1,且具有较小的孔隙率和较大的堆积密度,与阳极的接触界面较大,作为燃料时,800℃燃料电池最大功率密度可达572.6 mW·cm-2.即非木质、水质量分数大的橘子皮经过高温碳化后得到的生物质碳,作为直接碳燃料燃料电池燃料时,具有优异的性能.      

微观组织和织构对H65黄铜带材折弯性能的影响

电子产品关键部件小型化对黄铜合金带材折弯性能提出了更高的要求。研究了微观组织和织构对H65黄铜带材折弯性能的影响规律和影响机制。结果表明：带材平行于轧向折弯较垂直于轧向折弯更易于产生表面褶皱和裂纹,且随着折弯半径的减小,折弯性能降低。折弯变形过程中带材外表面易形成剪切带,所产生的剪切变形是造成表面褶皱和开裂的主要原因。微观组织不均匀、较强的Brass织构易导致带材折弯过程中产生剪切变形,造成带材折弯性能下降。通过调控热处理工艺来调整带材织构,减少或抑制剪切带的产生,能够提升带材的折弯性能。     

Texture Evolution Induced by Deformation in Aluminum Alloy

The lower formability of aluminum alloy sheets is the inherent characteristic of the material. During material forming processes the material undergoes a complex strain history. In this paper, the effect of crystallographic texture induced by deformation in aluminum sheet is studied. The transformation of crystallographic textures induced by uniaxial tensile, cup drawing and bulge tests was measured through X-ray diffraction and analyzed. The author studied the texture evolution rule under different strain paths. A qualitative relationship between the deformation and texture evolution has been founded.     

工业纯钛板材冷轧及退火微观组织和织构演变规律

采用先进电子背散射衍射（EBSD）技术,深入研究了冷轧工艺变化和道次间退火处理对工业纯钛板材微观组织和织构演变的影响规律。通过对比不同一次冷轧变形量样品经退火和二次冷轧加工后的EBSD取向分布图、取向差角分布图和极图得知,一次冷轧产生的孪晶对退火再结晶晶粒尺寸及晶粒取向（织构）产生重要的影响,进而又影响二次冷轧的变形组织和织构特征,使二次冷轧变形孪晶的生成受到一定程度的抑制,孪晶分数随着轧制变形量的提高呈现先升高后降低的规律,同时会降低二次冷轧组织中{0001}基面织构组分。     

体光折变栅的高阶衍射

本文探讨了在光折变晶体写入体相位栅产生高阶衍射的物理机制，在光栅的写入过程中，振幅和位相耦合分别引起光栅振幅和位相的不均匀，这两种不均匀性导致光栅波矢的附加横向分量，后者可有效地补偿高阶衍射的波矢失配，同时一旦高阶衍射在晶体表面出现，具有高增益值的光折变值晶体通过多波耦合将保证它随传播距离增长，这是在光折变晶体中形成高阶衍射光束的重要原因。     

Influence of intermediate annealing on the microstructure and texture of Ni-9.3at%W substrates

The effects of intermediate annealing (IA) on the microstructure and texture of Ni-9.3at%W substrates have been investigated by using electron backscattering diffraction and X-ray diffraction. Results suggest that IA can optimize the homogeneity of deformation microstructure. Higher IA temperatures (without undergoing recrystallization during IA) will increase the copper-type components of deformation texture and improve the content of cube texture after recrystallization. Sharp cube texture (97.2%) can be obtained at the optimum IA temperature of 650℃. The mechanism underlying the transition of deformation texture can be interpreted as that IA increases the dislocation slipping ability and suppresses the twinning deformation of Copper orientation in the subsequent rolling process. The observed strengthening of cube texture as a result of IA treatment is presumably attributed to the reduction of noncube nucleation and the optimization of preferential growth surrounding the cube nuclei.     

取向硅钢薄带形变再结晶组织及织构演变

利用背散射电子衍射微织构分析技术及X射线衍射织构分析技术,结合对取向硅钢薄带再结晶各阶段退火板磁性能的分析,系统研究了其形变再结晶过程中的组织及织构演变。结果表明,薄带内原始高斯晶粒取向发生绕TD轴向{111}<112>的转变,同时晶粒取向还表现出绕RD轴的附加转动,这种附加转动及其导致的表层微弱立方形变组织可为再结晶立方织构的形成提供核心。退火各阶段样品磁性能的变化对应了{110}-{100}<001>有益织构及其他织构的强弱转变以及再结晶晶粒不均匀程度的变化,综合织构类型及晶粒尺寸的变化推断发生了二次及三次再结晶过程。升温过程再结晶织构演变主要体现了织构诱发机制,也即与基体存在绕<001>轴取向关系的晶粒长大优势结合高斯织构的抑制效应发挥作用;而在高温长时间保温后三次再结晶过程,{110}低表面能诱发异常长大发挥主要作用使得最终得到锋锐的高斯织构。     

Inhomogeneous deformation and recrystallization behavior of through-thickness tantalum sheet under one-cycle clock-rolling

Effects of low clock rolling passes on through-thickness deformation and recrystallization behavior of the Ta sheet have been investigated. The clock-rolled samples with one cycle (8 passes) were systematically examined under different thickness layers. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray diffraction line profile analysis (XLPA) showed that the extremely inhomogeneous texture evolution generated and the bulk stored energy existed in the through-thickness clock-rolled Ta sheet after 8 passes. The electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) results revealed the misorientation of the grains in the deformed samples, indicating that grain subdivision in the surface and center layer was more serious than that in the quarter layer. High intensities misorientation indicates the presence of microshear bands in the surface and center layer. During annealing, the difference of the stored energy and the fragmentation of deformation microstructure along the thickness led to a heterogeneous driving force for the nucleation of the grains, resulting in subsequent different recrystallization rate in the different regions of the sample.     

生物用无镍奥氏体不锈钢的塑性变形以及对耐腐蚀性能的影响

对无镍奥氏体不锈钢经塑性变形后自由表面微观形态变化以及对耐腐蚀性能的影响进行了观察分析.结果表明:随着压缩应变量的增加,各晶粒变形不均匀性加剧,试样表面形成的褶皱增大,原本平整的表面逐渐变成粗糙表面,茶碱对试样无腐蚀作用,而生理盐水对变形试样起应力腐蚀作用.     

Mechanism of surface texture evolution in pure copper strips subjected to double rolling

Developing ultra-thin copper foils with different surface roughness and microstructure has important significance for improving the service performance and reducing the production cost of high-end circuit boards. In this paper,pure copper strips with initial cube texture were subjected to a double rolling process(deformation amount ranges from 50% to 95%),and the surface textures evolution law and mechanism of doublerolled strips were studied by an X-ray diffraction technique. The results show that when a deformation amount increased from 50% to 70%,the grains of two surfaces rotate away from the cube orientation,and the formed textures of two surfaces mainly consisted of C,S and B orientation components. The orientation density values for these three components on bright surface only had slight difference; the orientation density values for C and S components were much larger than that for B components on a matt surface. When the deformation amount increased to 90%,the increase extents of orientation density values for C and S components were obviously larger than that for B components on a bright surface; the increase extents of orientation density values for these three components were almost the same on the matt surface. It has been found that when deformation amount reaches 95%,the grains orientation of bright surface were relatively concentrated,and the orientation density value for C texture obviously increased to 11.68 and that for B texture was only 3.15; the grains orientation of matt surface were relatively dispersed,and the orientation density value for C texture increased to 9.26 and that for B texture obviously increased to 6.35,and the density values of these two textures had less difference. For the condition of strong compressive and shear stress on the bright surface,grains were mainly rotating to C texture orientation; compared with the bright surface,"semi-free" deformation condition on the matt surface is beneficial to promote much more grains to rotate to the B texture orientation.     

深冲铝板坯冷轧显微组织、织构与力学性能

研究了不同冷轧工艺参数的深冲铝板坯（wA1＞99．75％）的显微组织、织构，测定了不同方向的力学性能；由D－500全自动X射线衍射仪建测极图，按Bunge的方法计算取向分布函数（ODF）；通过透射电镜观察变形显微结构．结合冷轧变形亚组织结构和织构特征，讨论了位错胞结构与板坯塑性变形和力学性能的关系，以及对板坯塑性各向异性的影响，预测材料深冲性能．分析认为，材料力学性能决定于变形组织结构和织构，随冷变形量增大，位错缠结胞变形并发生取向排列形成显微带，使材料产生力学性能各向异性及加工硬化．本研究显微组织和织构特征及力学性能分析结果表明，接近50％冷轧变形量的板坯中变形亚组织均匀、多种织构混存，有利于降低材料深冲制耳率．并经工业制罐试验验证．     

贵州发耳煤矿尖山营滑坡特征及成因机制

高陡边坡地形条件进行煤层开采,极易引发地质灾害问题,给地质环境造成很大的破坏。以贵州发耳煤矿三采区的尖山营边坡为研究对象,查明了采空区分布情况及斜坡裂缝体系发育规律,结合该矿区地形地貌特征,分析该滑坡特征及影响因素,总结开采沉陷诱发山体滑坡的成因机制。结果表明:煤层开采后,上覆岩层发生应力重分布,采空区边界形成拉应力集中区;上覆岩层产生以沉降为主的弯曲变形,而在坡肩和坡脚部位产生较明显水平向外位移;变形过程中先在采空区后边界部位产生裂缝,回采煤柱后,裂缝贯通,形成潜在滑面,该滑坡变形机制为塌落沉陷-拉裂-蠕滑。     

高硅电工钢超薄带冷轧过程中的织构演变

采用轧制工艺制备了0.10 mm厚的6.5%Si高硅电工钢超薄带,并用X射线衍射技术对冷轧过程中的形变织构演变规律进行了研究,进而提出了分别有利于λ(100//ND,ND为轧面法线方向)和η(100//RD,RD为轧向)再结晶织构优化的形变织构控制方法.研究表明,50%~70%压下率有利于η再结晶织构优化,易于促进S=0.5层强η再结晶织构的形成.小于30%压下率和91%~97%压下率均有利于λ再结晶织构优化,其中30%的压下率更适合于二次冷轧法制备高硅钢超薄带时λ再结晶织构控制.     

橘皮黄酮提取的响应面优化及抗氧化活性研究

以黄酮得率为指标,采用Box-Behnken中心组合实验和响应面分析法,研究了料液比、提取温度和提取时间对橘皮中黄酮类化合物提取的影响;用AB-8型大孔吸附树脂为色谱柱填充料,对橘皮黄酮提取物进行了纯化;以橘皮黄酮对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）自由基、羟基自由基的清除率为指标,研究了橘皮黄酮的体外抗氧化活性.结果表明：橘皮黄酮的适宜提取工艺是以水为提取溶剂、料液比为1∶38（g/mL）、于99℃浸提2 h,该条件下橘皮黄酮的最大得率为11.028 mg/g;AB-8型大孔吸附树脂对橘皮黄酮类化合物的纯化效果明显,纯化后橘皮黄酮的纯度提高了383.312%;对DPPH自由基、羟基自由基清除率的半抑制浓度（IC50）分别为0.019和0.557 mg/mL,纯化后橘皮黄酮对DPPH和羟基自由基的清除能力分别提高了96.185%和65.122%,表明橘皮黄酮是一种良好的天然抗氧化剂.     

Ag元素对Ni-7at.%W合金基带织构形成的影响

Ag元素能够使Ni和Ni-5at.%W合金基带中的晶粒形貌呈细长状,从而提升超导层电流的传输能力.研究了Ag在高W含量的NiW合金基带(>5at.%W)中对织构的影响机制,为后续调控晶粒形貌打下基础.研究表明:Ag使基带中S取向的体积分数降低,进而影响了再结晶后基带中立方晶体型织构的形成.通过在轧制变形量为90%时引入550 ℃保温2 h的中间热处理,可以使冷轧基带的形变因子R由0.72提升至1.05,从而增加铜型织构的体积分数,并使得基带中形变后的立方晶体的取向增大65%.最终,经过再结晶热处理获得了表面立方晶体型织构的体积分数为96.8%的Ni-7at.%W-0.01at.%Ag合金基带.     

Fe-28Mn-3Si-3Al TWIP钢变形的微观组织特征

采用扫描电镜、透射电镜和电子背散射衍射技术对TWIP钢拉伸变形后的组织进行了观察和分析. 研究结果表明,热处理后的TWIP钢中存在60%的退火孪晶,变形后孪晶量减少为32%. 在拉伸过程中,具有退火孪晶的晶粒内部首先发生变形,产生的变形孪晶遗传了退火孪晶的取向. 变形过程中孪晶和位错相互作用、孪晶和孪晶相互作用以及孪晶取向改变引发滑移的综合结果使TWIP钢同时获得高塑性和高强度,因此变形过程中孪生变形是TWIP钢的主要变形机制.     

Deformation mechanism and microstructures on polycrystalline aluminum induced by high-current pulsed electron beam

In this paper, we present an experimental investigation of deformation twinning in polycrystalline aluminum exposed to high-current pulsed electron beam (HCPEB) irradiation. The residual tensile stress with about 10 2 MPa was introduced in the irradiated surface layer. The feature characteristic irradiated with various numbers of pulses was investigated. The formation of a large number of twin bands on the surface irradiated with multiple pulses was determined. The experimental observations indicated that the deformation twinning was indeed triggered during HCPEB irradiation. It is suggested that high value of stress and strain rate induced by rapid heating and cooling due to HCPEB irradiation may cause the shifting of whole atomic planes simultaneously. Additionally, some slipping systems may be suppressed due to the geometric confinement by thinned size of surface layer, which can promote the initiation of deformation twinning.     

Nd-Fe-B永磁合金速凝带取向织构的形成机理及数学模型

探讨了Nd-Fe-B速凝带由面（006）,（004）,（008）衍射峰最强的原因,认为速凝带沿辊的切线方向的拉伸变是织构成的主要原因.在这个拉伸力的作用下,合金液在液固转变过程中,通过择优核、择优长大和拉伸热变使合金带成织构,文章建立了拉伸变量与取向关系的数学模,从理论上给出垂直于辊面方向的取向因的表达式.     

超声波辅助提取柑橘皮色素的工艺研究

以柑橘皮为原料,运用超声波辅助提取法,通过单因素实验和正交试验确定柑橘皮色素提取工艺的最佳参数.在以三氯甲烷为提取剂时,单因素实验和正交试验柑橘皮色素的最佳提取条件分别为:料液比(柑橘皮粉质量比三氯甲烷体积)1∶20(g/mL)和1∶15(g/mL),浸提时间1 min和1.5 min,浸提温度30℃,各因素对柑橘皮色素提取效果的影响由大到小依次为:料液比>浸提时间>浸提温度.该工艺与传统浸提法相比具有提取速度快、色素提取效率高、不影响色素性质,处理简单等优点.