降膜蒸发多效回热型太阳能海水淡化装置的测试与分析

对利用太阳能驱动的横管降膜蒸发多效回热型海水淡化装置进行了实际天气条件下的动态测试.对影响产水率的主要因素作了探索与分析,给出了合理的取值范围.实验结果证明,由于采用了多效回热以及其他强化系统产水性能的措施,使系统的产水效率比传统的盘式太阳能蒸馏器提高了近2.5倍.     

负压多级降膜蒸发在太阳能海水淡化中的应用研究

深入分析了海水在水平管外蒸发以及饱和水蒸气在水平管内冷凝的机理。分析表明：采用负压多级降膜蒸发，在加热水温度一定的情况下可大大强化传热传质过程，提高海水的蒸发量；利用饱和水蒸气在水平管内加压冷凝，可有效地促进热质交换过程，提高冷凝的效果。在该理论指导下设计制造的具有闪蒸与压缩蒸馏性能的太阳能海水淡化装置，不仅比传统的盘式太阳能淡化装置效率提高很多，而且可利用较低温度的太阳能加热水进行海水淡化，淡化效率保持在70％以上。     

一种新型多效内回热式太阳能海水淡化装置

设计建造了一台具有三效回热性能的紧凑式小型太阳能海水淡化装置,在稳态和实际天气条件下对装置的性能进行了测试.该装置的蒸馏系统采用了多级降膜蒸发及降膜凝结技术,使其中大部分蒸气潜热及部分盐水的显热得到了多次重复利用.实验测试表明,当系统在稳态温度70～75 ℃附近运行时,其性能系数可达2.0左右,在晴朗天气下,实际每平方米太阳能集热器的产水量可达10 kg.     

双塔竖直蒸发管高温多效蒸发海水淡化实验系统

低温核供热堆与高温竖直蒸发管多效蒸发(VTE-MED)耦合的方案,是国际原子能机构推荐的核能海水淡化优选方案之一。在清华大学核能技术设计研究院建立了双塔VTE-MED实验系统,其最高设计咸水温度为120℃,原料海水循环流量为3300kg/h,3效的产水量约180kg/h。该文介绍了海水蒸发器、预热器、终端冷凝器、海水箱等系统主要设备及海水淡化蒸发工艺流程。针对实验系统的运行稳定性实验研究,表明这一实验系统已能建立起稳定的工作状态,可利用该系统在真实流动参数下,进行诸如多孔孔板节流特性关键技术的热态实验研究及蒸发工艺流程等实验研究。     

LiBr溶液高温竖管降膜吸收过程的实验研究

针对吸收式太阳能海水淡化系统,设计了一套竖管降膜吸收实验装置,以溴化锂溶液为工质对装置进行了实验研究.通过改变水和溶液温度、喷淋量及溶液的浓度,测试了不同工况下系统的运行情况,得出溶液具有较好吸收率的基本条件,给出了系统最佳运行的参数范围.实验表明,在运行压力达到10 kPa和溶液浓度为50%左右的情况下,当被吸收水的温度高于30℃时,溶液已有较好的吸收速率,此时热源的温度仅为45℃～55℃,这十分有利于太阳能集热系统发挥供热效率.     

三维光热材料的制备及其太阳能脱盐性能

光热多孔材料是太阳能海水淡化应用的关键所在,受生物质天然多孔互联结构的启发,通过冷冻干燥和高温碳化工艺制备具有三维互联孔道结构的生物质碳基蒸发器,研究其微结构特征、水输送和蒸发性能以及三维结构对材料蒸发性能的增强作用。结果表明：该蒸发器具有高度互联的孔道结构和高达95.5%太阳光吸收率,在太阳光下实现了1.71 kg/(m²·h)的蒸发速率和89%的光热转换效率,可以有效蒸发和淡化海水。此外,在三维结构特征下,实现了高达2.65 kg/(m²·h)的蒸发速率,三维结构有效提升了材料的蒸发性能,显示了优异的太阳能蒸发/脱盐效果。     

管式太阳能海水淡化装置的实验研究

针对淡水资源短缺的问题,设计制作了一种利用太阳能或者其他余热驱动的管式海水淡化装置.通过对装置的每小时产水量及装置内各测点温度进行测试,对装置的性能进行了定功率和定温度供热的实验研究.定功率实验结果表明,实验装置的性能系数最高能达到1.5左右;装置的产水量达到了20.078 kg/(m2.d),相比传统装置有很大的提高.定温加热的实验结果表明,运行温度的增加可以提高装置的产水量.在相同实验条件下,多级装置相比单级装置能获得更高的产水量.     

太阳能海水淡化蒸馏器的传热实验研究

利用科研项目设计制造的太阳能海水淡化装置进行实验教学,由学生完成太阳能热水系统的测试,海水淡化蒸馏系统的运行,并进行实验数据整理和分析,得出实验结论.     

水平管外海水降膜蒸发传热特殊现象分析

以低温多效蒸发海水淡化装置中的水平管降膜蒸发过程为研究对象,对海水水平管降膜蒸发的传热系数在不同蒸发温度、雷诺数(Re)等条件下沿圆周角方向的分布特征进行了实验研究.研究结果表明:海水作为实验流体时,传热系数随蒸发温度的升高而降低,随Re的增大而呈现先升高,达到最大值后略微降低的趋势,随圆周角的增大而先减小后增大.     

聚能式多效太阳能海水淡化系统性能研究

提出了一种聚能式多效太阳能海水淡化系统,利用太阳能加热海水至蒸发沸腾以达到淡化海水的目的,同时采用多效结构,利用了蒸汽凝结时的冷凝潜热,提高能量利用效率.在典型冬季晴朗天气条件下运行,系统全天淡水产量为10.79 L,集热效率最高达到35％.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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