球墨铸造铁缩松的形成机理与防止方法

本文从文献分析得出了球铁缩松的形成机理,从机理出发得到了若干生产工艺上应遵循的原则。作者用实验部分地验证了所提出的机理,而工艺原则都在实验中得到了证实,从而归纳了一系列结论。这些结论提出了某些与当前生产上应用的完全相反的观点,主要的有:球墨铸铁虽有比较大的缩松倾向,但仍具有自身补缩的可能性;球铁可以不用冒口而消除缩松,其条件是刚度大的铸型、同时凝固、在外壳完全封闭下凝固;顺序凝固也可以消除宏观缩松,但铸件质量比不用冒口时为差;球铁铸件内除常见的宏观缩松外,在肉眼不能发现缩松的所谓“健全”部分,实际上是不健全的,其中有微观缩松;球铁的体积收缩值是一个条件性的数值,它随铸型条件不同而变;用金属型来生产球铁铸件是一个比较合适的方法。     

微观缩松对蠕铁微观组织和力学性能的影响

微观缩松缺陷的位置分布、体积大小表现出随机性特点,会对材料微观组织和宏观力学性能产生影响. 通过微观组织观测,研究了微观缩松对蠕墨铸铁材料微观组织的影响. 同时,建立了含微观缩松缺陷的三维代表性体积元模型,通过施加周期性边界条件和拉伸位移载荷,研究了微观缩松对蠕墨铸铁材料宏观力学性能的影响. 结果表明,蠕铁材料微观缩松缺陷周围组织中含有Ce,Mg元素,表明稀土蠕化剂与所研究的蠕墨铸铁的微观缩松的形成有密切联系,增加了材料内部形成微观缩松的倾向. 随着材料内部微观缩松体积分数的增加,材料的宏观等效弹性模量呈线性降低;微观缩松还会造成材料内局部区域的应力集中,易于微小裂纹的萌生及扩展.      

ZA—27耐磨合金的悬浮铸造

ZA—27合金铸件很容易产生底缩。根据黑色金属中应用的悬浮铸造的作用原理,我们探讨了悬浮铸造对ZA—27合金中存在的比重偏析和底缩、以及对合金组织及性能的影响.结果表明,悬浮铸造可显著降低铸件各部位的密度差,减轻甚至消除底缩.悬浮铸造使合金的枝晶组织细化,冲击韧性提高40％,耐磨性提高了11—13％。     

悬浮浇注对GCr15轴承钢凝固过程的影响

通过研究悬浮浇注工艺下ＧＣｒ１５轴承钢的凝固动力学过程来探讨悬浮剂的作用机理,并在实验的基础上分别讨论悬浮浇注工艺对钢锭凝固过程的温度分布、凝固速度、结晶温度间隔以及形核率的影响。实验结果表明,悬浮浇注能有效地提高钢锭的凝固速度,改善钢锭截面的温度分布和溶质元素的分布,减小合金的结晶温度间隔,增加钢锭形核率。其结果使钢锭凝固时间缩短,化学成分分布均匀,缩松缩孔减少,结晶组织细化。     

GE构架的铸造模拟分析及工艺改进

GE构架为机车上的一个关键零件,服役时承受重载和频繁的冲击载荷作用.因而要求该件组织致密,不允许有缩孔,缩松和气孔等缺陷.本文先运用Pro/e软件对GE构架进行实物造型,然后利用MAGMAsoft软件对铸件充型和凝固过程进行模拟,预测铸件可能发生缩孔、缩松缺陷的位置,最后针对模拟结果进行铸造工艺优化改进并进行生产实验.实验结果表明,工艺改进后得到的铸件热节缺陷几乎消失了,缩松或缩孔缺陷也相应地减少.     

铸钢件冒口离开热节动态顺序凝固补缩的计算机数值模拟

采用计算机三维热场数值计算法模拟了铸钢件-冒口系统的凝固补缩过程。结果表明，冒口安放处铸件的凝固时间延长80％以上，尤以热节处安放冒口凝固时间延长率最大。冒口放在热节上，冒口根部铸件发生缩松的可能性最大；冒口离开热节又不远离热节，冒口附近的温度梯度在形成缩松的固相率范围内都比较陡，铸件发生缩松的可能性很小。     

铸铁热分析试样的宏观组织及影响因素

探讨了铸铁热分析试样内部偶点附近的宏观组织及影响因素。试验结果表明：一般的热分析试样中大都存在严重的宏观缩松,此缩松位置正好位于热电偶结点周围,这会降低热分析仪器对铁水含Ｓｉ量的测试精度;石英管和加入的Ｔｅ粉对这种宏观缩松没有影响,但增加样杯的锥度,可以把宏观缩松区上移至石英管以外的区域,使得偶点附近的凝固组织均匀致密。     

冷铁在球铁曲轴生产中的合理应用

利用冷铁能防止球铁曲轴的缩松缺陷.本文探讨了冷铁的合理使用问题,通过理论分析和试验,提出了防止球铁曲轴缩松的工艺措施.     

球墨铸铁轧辊保温冒口研究

球墨铸铁轧辊的补缩,一般是采用砂型明冒口和浇注后每隔20—25分钟用过热铁水点冒口1—2次的办法解决,这样的工艺使冒口金属消耗量占轧辊毛重的15％左右。为了节约金属和提高轧辊上辊颈质量,本研究工作是采用铝型膨胀发热剂单独使用或与绝热套组合成的保温冒口,以取代原工艺以稻草灰覆盖的干砂型冒口。经过实验室及现场对此实验表明:采用保温冒口以后,球墨铸铁共晶凝固时间延长了33—62％,缩孔形状由倒锥形变为盆形,轧辊冒口的致密段高度增加,省去了用过热铁水点冒口的工序。冒口高度可以降低25～50％,节约冒口金属量20～50％。研究工作表明:采用保温冒口是解决球铁轧辊补缩的最合理、经济而简便的措施。     

球墨铸铁轧辊发热保温帽口

球墨铸铁轧辊的补缩,一般是采用干砂型明冒口、稻草灰复盖保温和浇注后每隔2分钟用铁水点冒口1～2次的办法解决。这种补缩工艺消耗金属量较多,使冒口重约占轧辊毛重的15％左右。为了节约金属和提高轧辊上辊颈质量,采用铝型或硅型膨胀发热剂单独使用或与绝热套组合成的保温冒口,以取代原工艺稻草灰保温干砂型冒口。实验结果表明:采用新的保温工艺后,球铁共晶凝固时间延长了33～62％,冒口高度可降低25～50％,可节约冒口金属20～25％,经工厂上千吨轧辊的生产实践证明:发热保温冒     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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