Ontogenic development of the renal ornithine decarboxylase response to testosterone

Summary In neonatal mice, renal ornithine decarboxylase was not altered by testosterone injection, in contrast to adult mice in which the enzyme was greatly elevated following treatment with testosterone.     

Ontogenic development of peptide hormones in the mammalian fetal pancreas

Summary The ontogeny of insulin, glucagon, PP and somatostatin in the mammalian fetal pancreas has been examined in recent years largely by immunocytochemistry and in some instances by radioimmunoassay. Complete ontogenic data are available only for the rat, human pig and sheep. Figure 3 compares the time of appearance of the endocrine cell-types within the fetal pancreas when the periods of gestation of the four species are converted to a uniform scale. The striking ontogenic difference in the rat probably reflects the immaturity of the rodent fetus at birth compared with the human, pig and sheep. In the fetal pancreas, differences in cell number of glucagon and PP cells in the dorsal and ventral lobes become apparent from an early gestational period. Factors responsible for the functional and structural maturation of the fetal pancreatic endocrine cells and the processes involved in pancreatic organogenesis are poorly understood. Studies in these areas would have clinical implications since it may be possible in the future to employ agents for selective replication of fetal -cells for transplantation in patients with Type I diabetes, bearing in mind that such cells must have the capacity to respond to normal stimuli and repressors when transplanted. The presence of the other islet cell-types may be obligatory for these appropriate responses. This would require a more complete knowledge of those factors which produce the normal selectivity of the four hormonal cell-types.     

Ontogenic development of peptide hormones in the mammalian fetal pancreas

The ontogeny of insulin, glucagon, PP and somatostatin in the mammalian fetal pancreas has been examined in recent years largely by immunocytochemistry and in some instances by radioimmunoassay. Complete ontogenic data are available only for the rat, human, pig and sheep. Figure 3 compares the time of appearance of the endocrine cell-types within the fetal pancreas when the periods of gestation of the four species are converted to a uniform scale. The striking ontogenic difference in the rat probably reflects the immaturity of the rodent fetus at birth compared with the human, pig and sheep. In the fetal pancreas, differences in cell number of glucagon and PP cells in the dorsal and ventral lobes become apparent from an early gestational period. Factors responsible for the functional and structural maturation of the fetal pancreatic endocrine cells and the processes involved in pancreatic organogenesis are poorly understood. Studies in these areas would have clinical implications since it may be possible in the future to employ agents for selective replication of fetal beta-cells for transplantation in patients with Type I diabetes, bearing in mind that such cells must have the capacity to respond to normal stimuli and repressors when transplanted. The presence of the other islet cell-types may be obligatory for these appropriate responses. This would require a more complete knowledge of those factors which produce the normal selectivity of the four hormonal cell-types.     

Evolution and biology of supernumerary B chromosomes

B chromosomes (Bs) are dispensable components of the genome exhibiting non-Mendelian inheritance and have been widely reported on over several thousand eukaryotes, but still remain an evolutionary mystery ever since their first discovery over a century ago [1]. Recent advances in genome analysis have significantly improved our knowledge on the origin and composition of Bs in the last few years. In contrast to the prevalent view that Bs do not harbor genes, recent analysis revealed that Bs of sequenced species are rich in gene-derived sequences. We summarize the latest findings on supernumerary chromosomes with a special focus on the origin, DNA composition, and the non-Mendelian accumulation mechanism of Bs.     

Spatiotemporal asymmetric auxin distribution: a means to coordinate plant development

The plant hormone auxin plays crucial roles in regulating plant growth development, including embryo and root patterning, organ formation, vascular tissue differentiation and growth responses to environmental stimuli. Asymmetric auxin distribution patterns have been observed within tissues, and these so-called auxin gradients change dynamically during different developmental processes. Most auxin is synthesized in the shoot and distributed directionally throughout the plant. This polar auxin transport is mediated by auxin influx and efflux facilitators, whose subcellular polar localizations guide the direction of auxin flow. The polar localization of PIN auxin efflux carriers changes in response to developmental and external cues in order to channel auxin flow in a regulated manner for organized growth. Auxin itself modulates the expression and subcellular localization of PIN proteins, contributing to a complex pattern of feedback regulation. Here we review the available information mainly from studies of a model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, on the generation of auxin gradients, the regulation of polar auxin transport and further downstream cellular events. Received 10 March 2006; received after revision 26 June 2006; accepted 9 August 2006     

Accelerated development of a Th-2 type factor in animals with and without an imbalance between help and suppression

Summary A helper factor can be detected in antigen-treated supernatants from spleen T and adherent cells of sensitized animals. This factor promotes an indirect hapten-specific plaque forming response of B cells, irrespective of the identity of the carrier, i.e. provides the Th-2 type of help. Factor production increases with age and occurs most rapidly in strains known to have an accelerated decrease of suppressor capacity. The reason for the inverse correlation between suppressor capacity and the Th-2 type of helper factor is discussed.Acknowledgments. Thanks are due to the Medical Research Council, the National Cancer Institute of Canada and the National Health Research and Development Program for financial support; T.M. is indebted to the Medical Research Council for personal support.     

Taste responsiveness of the transplanted supernumerary leg in the fleshflySarcophaga bullata

Summary Ectopic legs were produced on the abdomen of the fleshflySarcophaga bullata by transplantation of prothoracic leg imaginal discs. Stimulation of the tarsal chemoreceptors of these ectopic legs with sucrose solution resulted in the extension of the host proboscis indicating the functional connectivity of the sensory axons.Supported by a grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.I appreciate the technical assistance of John Geibel, Paul Nitishin and Roger Smith.     

Enzymes of non-agglutinable vibrios and their possible role in the development of enterotoxic factor

Résumé Sachant que le facteur entérotoxique peut être développé dans les vibrions non-agglutinables par transfer animal, nous avons déterminé les activités enzymatiques (mucinase, protéase, lécithinase) de ces vibrions. Après ce transfert l'activité lécithinasique a augmenté, et cette activité est semblable à celle d'un virus (V. cholerae). Nous supposons que l'augmentation du facteur entérotoxique est causée par celle de l'activité de la lécithinase.

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Thanks are due to Dr.A. Mondal for help and Mr.Manzar Alam for his secretarial assistance.     

Changes in the distribution of gamma-glutamyl transferase in the organs of the mouse as a function of development]

In the Mouse, gamma-glutamyl transferase distribution changes with development in the kidney and the liver; on the contrary, its activity remains almost equal and low in other organs. In the liver, a low activity is observed in the fetus and the new-born up to the 3rd day of life; then it is no more measurable. In the kidney, the low enzyme activity of the fetus is multiplied by 10 in the 10 first days of life and by 50 in the 6 first weeks.     

Identity of a claimed growth-promoting factor

Zusammenfassung Nachweis einer kleinmolekularen Substanz aus Kalbsmuskel, welche die Proteinsynthese fördert, ohne jedoch mit dem Wachstumshormon identisch zu sein.     

Hyperlactacidemia as a factor of thrombocyte adhesiveness

Résumé Les auteurs, après avoir montré le rôle probable de l'hyperlactacidémie dans l'apparition du sludge, du blocage du SRE, de l'dème des cellules endothéliales des vaisseaux et de l'dème intraglial, montrent dans le présent travail sa responsabilité probable dans l'agrégation des plaquettes sanguines de l'homme et du rat, en dehors de toute influence de pH.