Electrical conductivity optimization of the Na3AlF6-Al2O3-Sm2O3 molten salts system for Al-Sm intermediate binary alloy production

Metal Sm has been widely used in making Al-Sm magnet alloy materials. Conventional distillation technology to produce Sm has the disadvantages of low productivity, high costs, and pollution generation. The objective of this study was to develop a molten salt electrolyte system to produce Al-Sm alloy directly, with focus on the electrical conductivity and optimal operating conditions to minimize the energy consumption. The continuously varying cell constant (CVCC) technique was used to measure the conductivity for the Na₃AlF₆-AlF₃-LiF-MgF₂-Al₂O₃-Sm₂O₃ electrolysis medium in the temperature range from 905 to 1055℃. The temperature (t) and the addition of Al₂O₃ (W(Al₂O₃)), Sm₂O₃ (W(Sm₂O₃)), and a combination of Al₂O₃ and Sm₂O₃ into the basic fluoride system were examined with respect to their effects on the conductivity (κ) and activation energy. The experimental results showed that the molten electrolyte conductivity increases with increasing temperature (t) and decreases with the addition of Al₂O₃ or Sm₂O₃ or both. We concluded that the optimal operation conditions for Al-Sm intermediate alloy production in the Na₃AlF₆-AlF₃-LiF-MgF₂-Al₂O₃-Sm₂O₃ system are W(Al₂O₃) + W(Sm₂O₃)=3wt%, W(Al₂O₃):W(Sm₂O₃)=7:3, and a temperature of 965 to 995℃, which results in satisfactory conductivity, low fluoride evaporation losses, and low energy consumption.     

Electrical conductivity optimization of the Na_3AlF_6–Al_2O_3–Sm_2O_3 molten salts system for Al–Sm intermediate binary alloy production

Metal Sm has been widely used in making Al–Sm magnet alloy materials. Conventional distillation technology to produce Sm has the disadvantages of low productivity, high costs, and pollution generation. The objective of this study was to develop a molten salt electrolyte system to produce Al–Sm alloy directly, with focus on the electrical conductivity and optimal operating conditions to minimize the energy consumption. The continuously varying cell constant(CVCC) technique was used to measure the conductivity for the Na_3 AlF_6–AlF_3–LiF–MgF_2–Al_2O_3–Sm_2O_3 electrolysis medium in the temperature range from 905 to 1055°C. The temperature(t) and the addition of Al_2O_3(W(Al_2O_3)), Sm_2O_3(W(Sm_2O_3)), and a combination of Al_2O_3 and Sm_2O_3 into the basic fluoride system were examined with respect to their effects on the conductivity(κ) and activation energy. The experimental results showed that the molten electrolyte conductivity increases with increasing temperature(t) and decreases with the addition of Al_2O_3 or Sm_2O_3 or both. We concluded that the optimal operation conditions for Al–Sm intermediate alloy production in the Na_3 AlF_6–AlF_3–LiF–MgF_2–Al_2O_3–Sm_2O_3 system are W(Al_2O_3) + W(Sm_2O_3) = 3wt%, W(Al_2O_3):W(Sm_2O_3) = 7:3, and a temperature of 965 to 995°C, which results in satisfactory conductivity, low fluoride evaporation losses, and low energy consumption.     

H3BO3添加量对SrAl2O4:Eu2+,Dy3+蓄光性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备SrAl2O4∶Eu2 ,Dy3 蓄光材料,研究了H3BO3添加量对SrAl2O4:Eu2 ,Dy3 蓄光性能的影响.XRD和光学性能测试结果表明,硼酸添加量为5wt%的样品结晶完全,其初始亮度达到5000mcd/m2,余辉时间大于8h,随着硼酸添加量增加,样品结晶程度降低、发光强度逐渐下降、余辉衰减速度加快.因此添加适量硼酸可以改善SrAl2O4:Eu2 ,Dy3 的结晶性能和发光性能,过量添加硼酸将导致样品严重结块,SrAl2O4相减少、发光性能大大降低.     

Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+,Dy3+的余辉性能及Dy3+对余辉时间的影响

利用溶胶-凝胶法制备了蓝色长余辉材料,在紫外光激发下,发射出较强的蓝光,峰值位于464 nm,来源于Eu2 的4f65d1→4f7的宽带发射;通过对2个样品热释光及余辉衰减曲线的比较,发现Dy3 的掺入在基质中产生了更密也更深的陷阱,使得材料的蓄光性能大大增强,从而起到了延长余辉的作用.     

燃烧法合成长余辉发光材料SrAl2O4:Eu2+,Dy3+

应用燃烧法在较低的温度下成功合成了SrA l2O4:Eu2 ,Dy3 长余辉发光材料,TEM观察表明晶体为长100 nm以上,直径小于30 nm的针形结构.进一步研究了炉温、硼酸和稀土加入量等对发光材料性能的影响,应用X射线粉末衍射对不同条件下生成的发光材料的组成和晶体结构进行了表征,用F-2500荧光分光光度计研究了发光材料的激发光谱、发射光谱及余辉亮度等特性.结果表明,硼酸和Dy3 的加入可以提高发光材料的发光强度和余辉时间.     

下转换发光粉体SrAl2O4:Eu2,Dy3+在硅太阳能电池中的应用

采用化学共沉淀法结合水热处理方法制备了颗粒尺寸约为40 nm的发光粉体SrAl2O4:Eu2+,Dy3+。荧光光谱测试显示,该粉体在受到250～450 nm紫外光激发后可发射出约510 nm的可见光,且发射光与激发光强接近,因此该粉体具有下转换功能特性。将质量分数10%的SrAl2O4:Eu2+,Dy3+与聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺溶剂中充分混合后,采用丝网印刷技术将其涂覆于市售硅太阳能电池板上形成覆盖下转换薄膜的太阳能电池,对涂覆和未涂覆下转换材料的太阳能电池进行了光电性能测试,结果表明涂覆下转换材料的太阳能电池的开路电压和短路电流均得到提高,并且电池的光电转化效率从7.96%提高至8.96%,提高了1%。     

前驱体预烧-共沉淀法制备SrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+发光粉体及其发光性能

采用助熔剂预烧-共沉淀法制备初始荧光亮度较高的SrAl2O4：Eu^2＋,Dy^3＋发光粉体,并利用XRD、SEM、PL光谱等表征手段研究了预烧结过程与硼酸掺杂对发光粉体的结构与荧光性能的影响。结果表明：在硼酸摩尔分数为0.3和300℃空气气氛下对前驱体预烧结2 h后,粉体的结晶性能得到改善,其初始荧光强度相对于未预烧的产品,提高了2倍多。初步研究了其发光机理,发现初始强度提高的原因是经过预烧结处理能够在Eu^2＋周围产生更多的氧缺陷,从而提高了发光中心的发光效率和强度。     

凝胶-燃烧法合成 Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+,Dy3+ 蓝色长余辉发光材料

采用凝胶-燃烧法合成了Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+0.02,Dy3+0.04蓝色长余辉发光材料,用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、荧光分光光度计等对合成产物进行了分析和表征. 结果表明:Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+0.02,Dy3+0.04的晶体结构为四方晶系. 激发光谱为一宽带,最大激发峰位于402 nm处,次激发峰位于415 nm处,与高温固相法和溶胶-凝胶法相比,出现了明显的红移现象;发射光谱也为一宽带,最大发射峰位于468 nm附近,是典型的Eu2+的4f5d→4f跃迁导致的. 与传统高温固相法相比,凝胶-燃烧法具有离子分散均匀、合成温度低、操作简单等优点,所得样品余辉时间长,可达5 h以上.同时探讨了多种工艺条件对其发光性能的影响.     

络合溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米级Y2O3:Ln(Eu,Dy)发光体

以PEG(聚乙二醇)2000为络合剂采用溶胶，凝胶法制备纳米级Y2O3：Ln(Eu，Dy)，并用TEM、XRD、IR、FP对其进行一系列表征。结果表明所制备的Y2O3：Ln(Eu，Dy)纳米粉体粒径为50nm左右，并具有很好的发光性能。     

Effects of baria on propane oxidation activity of Pd/Al2O3 catalyst: Pd–BaO interactio n and reaction routes

The BaO-modified Pd/Al2O3exhibits much better catalytic activity than Pd/Al2O3for C3H8 oxidation both before and after the hydrothermal aging treatment. Further studies ascribe its good activity to the influence of BaO species on the physicochemical characteristics of the catalyst and the reaction routes. Firstly, the BaO species inhibits the phase transformation of alumina, resulting in higher surface area of the catalysts and hereby a better dispersion of Pd. Secondly, the basic nature and electron-withdrawing effect of barium oxide maintain palladium at high oxidation state, which leads to a higher PdO content on surface of the BaO-modified catalyst. Finally, the formation/decomposition of carbonate/bicarbonate species can be promoted by the addition of BaO, which provide extra reaction routes and are important for the deep oxidation of C3H8.     

The quasi-biennial and semi-annual oscillation features of tropical O3, NO2, and NO3 revealed by GOMOS satellite observations for 2002–2008

The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and semi-annual oscillation (SAO) characteristics of O₃, NO₂, and NO₃ from 2002 to 2008 were analyzed using Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS) satellite observations. From investigations of the vertical and latitudinal structures of interannual anomalies for O3 and the vertical velocity of the residual circulation (w-star), we conclude that dynamic transport is the principal factor controlling the QBO pattern of O₃. Under the influence of vertical transport, the QBO signals of O₃ originate in the middle stratosphere and propagate downward along with the w-star anomalies over the equator. The residual circulation has a significant role in tropical regions, regardless of altitude, while in extratropical regions, dynamic effects are important in some years in the lower stratosphere. In the middle stratosphere, dynamic transport is most efficient in the Southern Hemisphere. We also analyzed NO₂ anomalies and found that their QBO pattern was deep and stationary in the middle and upper stratosphere over the equator. This was due to the large depth over which w-star was anomalous. The latitudinal structure of NO₂ was asymmetric in extratropical areas in the middle stratosphere, but in the upper layers, the QBO pattern and dynamic influences were only observed in tropical zones. The interannual anomalies of NO₃ had an apparent SAO pattern in the tropical upper stratosphere because of different dynamic and chemical effects in different SAO phases. Chemical reactions may also have contributed to the QBO-type distribution of NO₂ and the SAO-type distribution of NO₃.