Nb--Ti微合金化热冲压成形用钢的微观组织与力学性能

利用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)对Nb-Ti微合金化热成形钢的微观组织进行观察,采用Kahn撕裂试验对其韧性和撕裂性能进行了研究,并利用Thermo-Calc热力学软件对其析出行为和析出粒子成分进行分析计算.结果表明,含碳质量分数0.13%的热成形钢在Nb-Ti微合金化后的组织为马氏体,和传统热成形钢(22MnB5)相比其奥氏体晶粒、板条块和板条束都得到细化,并且其抗拉强度达到1500 MPa以上,撕裂强度和单位面积裂纹扩展能分别达到1878 MPa、436 kN·m-1.在950℃奥氏体化时,Nb-Ti合金元素几乎全部以析出粒子形式存在,能有效阻止奥氏体晶粒长大.另外在基体中主要存在两种析出物,一种是尺寸在100~200 nm的Ti(C,N);另一种是纳米级别的钛铌复合碳氮化物,能有效强化基体,提高强度.     

中锰钢奥氏体逆相变的多相场模拟

Medium-Mn steels have attracted immense attention for automotive applications owing to their outstanding combination of high strength and superior ductility. This steel class is generally characterized by an ultrafine-grained duplex microstructure consisting of ferrite and a large amount of austenite. Such a unique microstructure is processed by intercritical annealing, where austenite reversion occurs in a fine martensitic matrix. In the present study, austenite reversion in a medium-Mn alloy was simulated by the multiphase-field approach using the commercial software MICRESS? coupled with the thermodynamic database TCFE8 and the kinetic database MOBFE2. In particular, a faceted anisotropy model was incorporated to replicate the lamellar morphology of reversed austenite. The simulated microstructural morphology and phase transformation kinetics (indicated by the amount of phase) concurred well with experimental observations by scanning electron microscopy and in situ synchrotron high-energy X-ray diffraction, respectively.     

Multiphase-field simulation of austenite reversion in medium-Mn steels

Medium-Mn steels have attracted immense attention for automotive applications owing to their outstanding combination of high strength and superior ductility. This steel class is generally characterized by an ultrafine-grained duplex microstructure consisting of ferrite and a large amount of austenite. Such a unique microstructure is processed by intercritical annealing, where austenite reversion occurs in a fine martensitic matrix. In the present study, austenite reversion in a medium-Mn alloy was simulated by the multiphase-field approach using the commercial software MICRESS~? coupled with the thermodynamic database TCFE8 and the kinetic database MOBFE2. In particular, a faceted anisotropy model was incorporated to replicate the lamellar morphology of reversed austenite. The simulated microstructural morphology and phase transformation kinetics(indicated by the amount of phase) concurred well with experimental observations by scanning electron microscopy and in situ synchrotron high-energy X-ray diffraction, respectively.     

基于 NiTi 温敏形状记忆纳米结构调控的润湿性研究

NiTi 合金是常见的形状记忆合金,有着良好的形状记忆效应、超弹性、耐腐蚀性和生物相容性,在生物医疗、 航空航天和微机电等领域有着广泛的应用。 目的 研究 NiTi 合金表面不同纳米级结构的润湿性能,改善 NiTi 合金 在工作环境下的磨损情况,提高 NiTi 合金的使用寿命。 方法 使用分子动力学方法模拟周期性边界条件下 NiTi 合 金的形状记忆效应,研究在不同温度下 NiTi 合金原子的微观结构演化;同时基于 NiTi 合金温度响应下不同的微观 结构,建立液滴静态接触角仿真,研究 NiTi 合金表面在不同微观结构下的润湿性能。 结果 发现 NiTi 合金在不同温 度响应下发生相变,从而使 NiTi 合金的表面原子排列发生改变,展示了温度诱发 NiTi 合金的相变和逆相变行为以 及在原子尺度下的微观结构演化,再以不同温度响应下发生相变和逆相变的 NiTi 合金表面作为基底,发现其表面 的润湿性也发生了改变和恢复。 结论 NiTi 合金随温度响应发生相变,微观结构发生改变,其表面的润湿性能也发 生改变;而且 NiTi 合金随温度逆相变,微观结构恢复到初始状态,其表面润湿性也能随之恢复到初始状态;NiTi 合 金在相变过程中的奥氏体和马氏体含量会影响 NiTi 合金表面润湿性能,因此能够通过温度进行 NiTi 合金表面在 微观结构下润湿性的自适应调控。     

Effect of the withdrawal rate on the microstructure and thermal durability of a third-generation single crystal superalloy

Single crystal Ni-based superalloys are the typical structural materials for high-pressure turbine blades, and their microstructure is critical in determining their mechanical properties. The withdrawal rate is a key parameter affecting the microstructure during the single crystal growth process. In the present work the effect of the withdrawal rate on the microstructure of a third-generation single crystal superalloy containing 6.8 ?wt% Re has been investigated, and the creep resistance of the alloy determined. The results showed that increased withdrawal rate refined the dendritic structure, reduced dendritic arm spacing, promoted the growth of secondary tertiary dendrites and decreased solidification segregation with a reduced size of γ′ phase. The porosity density of the as-cast alloy first decreased and then increased with the withdrawal rate, while the minimum porosity densityoccurred when the alloy was under the solidification condition of withdrawal rate of 4.5 ?mm/min. The maximum creep rupture life of 326.4 ?h of the heat-treated alloys under the test condition of 1100 ?°C/140 ?MPa also appeared at the alloys under the withdrawal rates of 4.5 ?mm/min. It is believed that the minimum porosity density and reduced size of the γ′ phase may be the main reasons for the enhanced creep rupture life of the alloys with withdrawal rates of 4.5 ?mm/min. This investigation provides theoretical support and a practical basis for the development of third-generation single crystal superalloys.     

高温注氢对钒合金微观结构的影响

研究了500℃高温条件下注氢对V-4Cr、V-4Ti和V-4Cr-4Ti三种合金微观结构的影响。在注氢实验之前,V-4Cr合金的基体清晰干净,而V-4Ti和V-4Cr-4Ti两种合金的基体中则出现很多相互平行和垂直的针状析出相,且大部分析出相周围都存在着位错。在500℃注氢实验之后,V-4Cr合金基体中出现大量的分布不均的黑色点状缺陷和缺陷簇,而V-4Ti和V-4Cr-4Ti两种合金的基体中除产生点状缺陷外,还出现高密度的气泡,且V-4Cr-4Ti合金中气泡的平均尺寸要稍小一些。另外,V-4Ti和V-4Cr-4Ti合金基体中原有的析出相在注氢实验之后都发生不同程度的溶解。在观察V-4Cr-4Ti合金基体中气泡分布规律时发现,在距离晶界25 nm的范围内几乎看不到气泡的存在,由此推断晶界的存在可以抑制氢气泡等辐照缺陷的产生。     

析出粒子对钛微合金化高强钢奥氏体晶粒长大的影响

通过析出粒子与奥氏体晶粒尺寸的定量关系,建立奥氏体晶粒长大模型,计算TiN和TiC析出粒子共同作用下钛微合金化钢奥氏体晶粒尺寸. 根据析出相质点理论计算结果表明:随着加热温度的升高,析出粒子体积分数逐渐减少,粒子半径逐渐增大,TiC粒子强烈阻止奥氏体晶粒长大,TiN粒子对奥氏体晶粒长大钉扎效果一般. 采用实验测试手段测量不同加热温度下保温30 min后实验钢的奥氏体晶粒尺寸,与理论计算结果吻合较好.     

材料的相变研究及其应用

Fe-C和Fe-X-C合金马氏体相变热力学的研究成果使结构钢的Ms温度能以热力学预测。建立了铜基合金及Fe-Mn-Si基合金马氏体相变热力学,为铜基和铁基形状记忆合金的成分和工艺设计提供基础。提出了含ZrO2陶瓷Ms温度的热力学计算方法,以及其母相晶粒大小影响Ms的正确表达式,对陶瓷的生产和工业应用都具有意义。修正马氏体变温相变动力学方程,显示低碳钢中影响碳扩散系数的合金元素影响残余奥氏体量,这有利于低碳马氏体组织钢的开发。GCr15轴承钢中残余奥氏体→马氏体的等温动力学研究显示：钢经淬火后,再进行等温处理以形成很少量的等温马氏体,再作回火,提高钢件的尺寸稳定性（经1000d后与淬火-回火比较,在接触疲劳寿命并不降低的条件下（达34%。研究了Ni-Ti、Cu-Zn-Al、Fe-Mn-Si基合金及ZrO2陶瓷的马氏体相变及其逆相变特征,揭示了影响这些材料形状记忆效应（SME）的一些因素,并指出了改善SME的途径,有利于这些材料的开发应用。贝氏体相变的热力学研究,观察到生长台阶,母相强化对相变影响的研究以及内耗测量结果,均显示贝氏体相变属扩散型机制。Cu-Zn-Al中加入阻碍Zn和Al扩散的合金元素可能提高形状记忆使用寿命。揭示CeO2-ZrO2中存在贝氏体相变,并与其出现脆性有关。Cu-Zn中β相有序化研究对有序化合金的应用具有实际意义。三元合金spinodal分解判据的建立,对借spinodal分解呈现高阻尼或高强度合金的开发颇具价值。由群论导出呈现晶体学可逆性的条件为形成单变体马氏体。应用孤立子于相变的形核-长大模型初见成效。     

微钛钢中TiN析出对奥氏体晶粒长大的影响

用ＴＥＭ对低碳微钛钢中ＴｉＮ沉淀相的析出为进行研究,结果表明：铸态情况下,因Ｔｉ的偏析,ＴｉＮ呈枝晶析出;热处理过程中,析出的ＴｉＮ进一步长大。     

Cu-Ni-Si基引线框架合金的组织和性能

设计了4种不同成分的引线框架铜合金,通过对比其硬度、强度、导电性以及软化温度等,分析了合金中P,Ni,Si,Cr合金元素对合金各性能的影响.研究结果表明:采用合理的热处理工艺可以使Cu-3Ni-0.6Si基合金在时效过程中析出尺寸在20～40 nm之间的δ-Ni2Si颗粒,使合金的强度和导电率达到良好的匹配;微量的P能有效地提高合金的强度、硬度和弹性模量,同时使Ni2Si析出颗粒的弥散度提高,尺寸减小,但会降低合金的导电率;少量的Cr能有效提高合金的强度和软化温度.     

两种贝氏体塑料模具钢的相变与残余奥氏体

将两种塑料模具钢FT600 和FT600mod 奥氏体化后, 以连续冷却或等温方式, 获得贝氏体组织. 随后分别在350, 580, 700 °C下进行回火, 研究了Si, Mn元素微调后贝氏体组织及残余奥氏体转变情况. 对两种贝氏体钢在不同热处理工艺下的宏观硬度、残余奥氏体含量、微观组织进行了表征及分析. 研究结果表明, 在FT600 钢的基础上降Si 增Mn 得到了FT600mod 钢, 其贝氏体转变后的残余奥氏体含量大幅降低; FT600 钢中的残余奥氏体在不同温度下回火, 其转变机制不同; FT600mod钢中的残余奥氏体含量较少, 组织稳定, 更适用于非调质工艺处理.     

High temperature strength and ductility of the (C+N) strengthening Fe-Cr-Mn(W,V) steels

Fe-Cr-Mn(W, V) austenite steels used as low radioactive structural materials in fusion reactor have been investigated. The resultsshow that the high temperature strength and the creep fracture life of Fe-Cr-Mn(W, V) steels can be effectively improved through (C+N) complex-strengthening, so can be the high temperature ductility. The strength and ductility of the steels are superior to that of SUS316 steels and JPCAS below 673K. The relationship between strength, ductility andthe formation temperature is related to the evolution of deformation microstructure. The fracture and microstructure observation above 673Kindicates that the main way to further improve ductility at high temperature is the control of carbide coarsening at the grain boundaries.     

Aging behavior and fatigue crack propagation of high Zn-containing Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys with zinc variation

In the present work, the influence of two-step aging treatments on hardness, electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of two high Zn-containing Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys with zinc content variation was investigated and the detailed T76 aging parameters were proposed. The microstructure of the precipitates were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HREM) and then quantitatively investigated with the aid of an image analysis. The fatigue performances were researched by the fatigue crack propagation (FCP) rate test and fracture morphology was observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the matrix precipitate size distributions of both alloys had significant difference, so as to fatigue crack propagation rates and fracture appearance. The shear and bypass mechanisms of dislocation-precipitate interactions were employed to explain the difference. Among the shearable precipitates, the proportion of larger size precipitates for the higher zinc content alloy is bigger than that for the lower zinc content alloy. The coarse shearable precipitates hinder the propagation of the fatigue cracks, leading to inferior FCP rate. For both alloys, the shear mechanism possesses the dominant factor, finally causing a preponderance in the FCP resistance for the higher zinc content alloy than the lower one.     

调质低碳贝氏体钢的组织和性能

研究了C--Mn--Mo--Cu--Nb--Ti--B系低碳微合金钢915℃淬火和490～640℃回火的调质工艺对钢的组织及力学性能的影响.用扫描电镜和透射电镜对实验钢的组织、析出物形态和分布以及断口形貌进行观察,采用X射线衍射仪分析钢中残余奥氏体的体积分数.结果表明:调质后,实验钢获得贝氏体、少量马氏体及残余奥氏体复相组织,贝氏体板条宽度只有250 nm,残余奥氏体的体积分数随着回火温度的升高而降低,经淬火与520℃回火后残余奥氏体的体积分数为2.1%.调质后析出物的数量激增,6～15 nm的析出物占70%以上.实验钢经过915℃淬火与520℃回火后,其屈服强度达到915 MPa,抗拉强度990 MPa,-40℃冲击功为95 J.细小的析出物及窄的板条提高了钢的强度.板条间有残余奥氏体存在,改善了实验钢的韧性.     

Strain localization and damage development in 2060 alloy during bending

The microstructure evolution and damage development of the third-generation Al–Li alloy 2060 (T8) were studied using in situ bending tests. Specimens were loaded with a series of punches of different radii, and the microstructure evolution was studied by scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, and digital image correlation (DIC) methods. The evolution of the microscopic fracture strain distribution and microstructure in 2060 alloy during bending was characterized, where the dispersion distribution of precipitates was recorded by backscattered electron imaging and later inputted into a DIC system for strain calculations. The experimental results showed that strain localization in the free surface of bent specimens induced damage to the microstructure. The region of crack initiation lies on the free surface with maximum strain, and the shear crack propagates along the macro-shear band in the early stages of bending. Crack propagation in the later stages was interpreted on the basis of the conventional mechanism of ductile fracture.     

贝氏体耐磨钢的应用研究

贝氏体组织具有高的强韧性和耐磨性，是一种很好的抗磨材料组织结构．本文综述了贝氏体相变的最新研究进展．随着先进技术和先进仪器出现，人们对贝氏体相变与贝氏体组织基础理论的研究也不断深入，表现在对贝氏体微观超精细结构的认识，即在黑金属和有色金属合金的下贝体组织中发现了超亚单元．以往贝氏体钢中添加Mo，Ni等贵重合金元素以及等温淬火工艺，才使贝氏体钢用作抗磨材料成为可能，基于贝氏体相变机理研究的长足进步，先后开发出奥氏体一贝氏体双相钢、马氏体-贝氏体双相钢、共晶体增强奥氏体一贝氏体钢(ABEG钢)等新型贝氏体抗磨钢。     

Metallographic etching and microstructure characterization of NiCrMoV rotor steels for nuclear power

The grain size of prior austenite has a distinct influence on the microstructure and final mechanical properties of steels. Thus, it is significant to clearly reveal the grain boundaries and therefore to precisely characterize the grain size of prior austenite. For NiCrMoV rotor steels quenched and tempered at high temperature, it is really difficult to display the grain boundaries of prior austenite clearly, which limits a further study on the correlation between the properties and the corresponding microstructure. In this paper, an effective etchant was put forward and further optimized. Experimental results indicated that this agent was effective to show the details of grain boundaries, which help analyze fatigue crack details along the propagation path. The optimized corrosion agent is successful to observe the microstructure characteristics and expected to help analyze the effect of microstructure for a further study on the mechanical properties of NiCrMoV rotor steels used in the field of nuclear power.     

Mg-Al合金非连续析出相改性的研究进展

Mg-Al合金因其密度低、比强度高、成本低廉,成为镁合金材料中被广泛应用的系列之一。然而,Mg-Al合金时效热处理过程中所存在的非连续析出行为恶化了其力学性能,限制了其进一步的应用。介绍了Mg-Al合金中非连续析出相的形成机制,进而从时效工艺调整和添加合金元素2个方面总结了目前改性或解决非连续析出行为的研究进展,最后对未来研究措施进行了简要展望,希望为Mg-Al合金材料的研究者提供借鉴。     

Grain boundary characteristics and tensile properties of Ti14 alloy after semi-solid deformation

The microstructure and room-temperature tensile properties of Ti14, a new α+Ti₂Cu alloy, were investigated after conventional forging at 950℃ and semi-solid forging at 1000 and 1050℃, respectively. Results show that coarse grains and grain boundaries are obtained in the semi-solid alloys. The coarse grain boundaries are attributed to Ti₂Cu phase precipitations occurred on the grain boundaries during the solidification. It is found that more Ti₂Cu phase precipitates on the grain boundaries at a higher semi-solid forging temperature, which forms precipitated zones and coarsens the grain boundaries. Tensile tests exhibit high strength and low ductility for the semi-solid forged alloys, especially after forging at 1000℃. Fracture analysis reveals the evidence of ductile failure mechanisms for the conventional forged alloy and cleavage fracture mechanisms for the alloy after semi-solid forging at 1050℃.     

高强度马氏体钢显微组织对腐蚀行为影响的研究进展

The high strength martensite steels are widely used in aerospace, ocean engineering, etc., due to their high strength, good ductility and acceptable corrosion resistance. This paper provides a review for the influence of microstructure on corrosion behavior of high strength martensite steels. Pitting is the most common corrosion type of high strength stainless steels, which always occurs at weak area of passive film such as inclusions, carbide/intermetallic interfaces. Meanwhile, the chromium carbide precipitations in the martensitic lath/prior austenite boundaries always result in intergranular corrosion. The precipitation, dislocation and grain/lath boundary are also used as crack nucleation and hydrogen traps, leading to hydrogen embrittlement and stress corrosion cracking for high strength martensite steels. Yet, the retained/reversed austenite has beneficial effects on the corrosion resistance and could reduce the sensitivity of stress corrosion cracking for high strength martensite steels. Finally, the corrosion mechanisms of additive manufacturing high strength steels and the ideas for designing new high strength martensite steel are explored.