Anti-penetration performance of high entropy alloy-ceramic gradient composites

A high-entropy alloy-ceramic gradient composite of TiC-TiB₂/75vol% Al_0.3CoCrFeNi was successfully prepared by combustion synthesis under an ultra-high gravity field, which is a low-cost method with high efficiency. The ceramic particles were gradient distributed in the Al_0.3CoCrFeNi matrix, and the hardness of the composite material gradually decreased along the thickness direction. The anti-penetration performance of the gradient composites was simulated using the ANSYS/LS-DYNA explicit simulation program. The results demonstrate that the distribution of the ceramic particles strongly affected the mechanical properties and the anti-penetration performance of the composites. With the same total ceramic volume fraction, the gradient composites exhibit better anti-penetration performance than the corresponding ceramic-metal interlayer composites. The more uneven the ceramic distribution, the greater the elastic modulus and yield stress of the surface layer and, thus, the better the anti-penetration performance.     

Effect of electric field on the activity and quenching structure of liquid Cu-Al alloys

The activity coefficient of Al in molten Cu decreases with the increasing of electric current applied to the liquid alloy of Cu-0.2wt%Al. To investigate the mechanism, the quenching experimental results of the liquid Al-Cu alloy show that there is a remarkable change in structure, in which the solute congregates along the current direction especially for DC current. The mechanism of the activity coefficient change of Al in molten Cu-0.2wt%Al alloy treated by electrical field was discussed. Further, the results also provide an evidence for the short-range-ordered liquid metal.     

Effect of slag composition on the cleanliness of 28MnCr5 gear steel in the refining processes

The equilibrium reaction between CaO—Al₂O₃—SiO₂—MgO slag and 28MnCr5 molten steel was calculated to obtain the suitable slag composition which is effective for decreasing the oxygen content in molten steel. The dissolved oxygen content [O] in molten steel under different top slag conditions was calculated using a thermodynamic model and was measured using an electromotive force method in slag–steel equilibrium experiments at 1873 K. The relations among [O], the total oxygen content (T.O), and the composition of the slag were investigated. The experimental results show that both [O] and T.O decrease with decreasing SiO₂ content of the slag and exhibit different trends with the changes in the CaO/Al₂O₃ mass ratio of the slag. Increasing the CaO/Al₂O₃ mass ratio results in a decrease in [O] and an increase in T.O. To ensure that T.O ≤ 20 ppm and [O] ≤ 10 ppm, the SiO₂ content should be controlled to <5wt%, and the CaO/Al₂O₃ mass ratio should be in the range from 1.2 to 1.6.     

Removal of phosphorus-rich phase from high-phosphorous iron ore by melt separation at 1573 K in a super-gravity field

A new approach of removing the phosphorus-rich phase from high-phosphorous iron ore by melt separation at 1573 K in a super- gravity field was investigated. The iron-slag separation by super-gravity resulted in phosphorus being effectively removed from the iron-rich phase and concentrated as a phosphorus-rich phase at a temperature below the melting point of iron. The samples obtained by super-gravity exhibited obvious layered structures. All the iron grains concentrated at the bottom of the sample along the super-gravity direction, whereas the molten slag concentrated in the upper part of the sample along the opposite direction. Meanwhile, fine apatite crystals collided and grew into larger crystals and concentrated at the slag–iron interface. Consequently, in the case of centrifugation with a gravity coefficient of G = 900, the mass fractions of the slag phase and iron-rich phase were similar to their respective theoretical values. The mass fraction of MFe in the iron-rich phase was as high as 97.77wt% and that of P was decreased to 0.092wt%.     

Microstructure and properties of Ag–Ti3SiC2 contact materials prepared by pressureless sintering

Ti₃SiC₂-reinforced Ag-matrix composites are expected to serve as electrical contacts. In this study, the wettability of Ag on a Ti₃SiC₂ substrate was measured by the sessile drop method. The Ag–Ti₃SiC₂ composites were prepared from Ag and Ti₃SiC₂ powder mixtures by pressureless sintering. The effects of compacting pressure (100–800 MPa), sintering temperature (850–950℃), and soaking time (0.5–2 h) on the microstructure and properties of the Ag–Ti₃SiC₂ composites were investigated. The experimental results indicated that Ti₃SiC₂ particulates were uniformly distributed in the Ag matrix, without reactions at the interfaces between the two phases. The prepared Ag–10wt%Ti₃SiC₂ had a relative density of 95% and an electrical resistivity of 2.76×10-3 mΩ·cm when compacted at 800 MPa and sintered at 950℃ for 1 h. The incorporation of Ti₃SiC₂ into Ag was found to improve its hardness without substantially compromising its electrical conductivity; this behavior was attributed to the combination of ceramic and metallic properties of the Ti₃SiC₂ reinforcement, suggesting its potential application in electrical contacts.     

Na2CO3–K2CO3熔盐电化学法除锈

The formation of a rust layer on iron and steels surfaces accelerates their degradation and eventually causes material failure. In addition to fabricating a protective layer or using a sacrificial anode, repairing or removing the rust layer is another way to reduce the corrosion rate and extend the lifespans of iron and steels. Herein, an electrochemical healing approach was employed to repair the rust layer in molten Na₂CO₃?K₂CO₃. The rusty layers on iron rods and screws were electrochemically converted to iron in only several minutes and a metallic luster appeared. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses showed that the structures of the rust layer after healing were slightly porous and the oxygen content reached a very low level. Thus, high-temperature molten-salt electrolysis may be an effective way to metalize iron rust of various shapes and structures in a short time, and could be used in the repair of cultural relics and even preparing a three-dimensional porous structures for other applications.     

熔盐制备金属氮化物/金属氮氧化物复合光催化剂

Pyrolysis of the Ta₂O₅/melamine mixture in molten chlorides is herein demonstrated as a facile and controllable method to nitridize and functionalize Ta₂O₅. The influence of the stoichiometry and composition of Ta₂O₅/melamine in molten salts on the nitridation process is rationalized to ensure the controllable preparation of Ta₃N₅ and Ta₃N₅/TaON. The characterization results, including scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, elemental mapping, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy, all confirm the existence of the Ta₃N₅/TaON heterojunction, in which the TaON nanoparticles are closely anchored to the Ta₃N₅ nanorods. Benefiting from its composition and structure, the Ta₃N₅/TaON composites show enhanced photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue. The present study highlights that the molten salt method using a solid nitrogen source can be a new technique for rationalizing the design of nitrides and oxynitrides.     

Molecular dynamics simulation of injection of polyethylene fluid in a variable cross-section nano-channel

Numerical simulation of injection of polyethylene fluid in a variable cross-section nano-channel was carried out using the molecular dynamics method.The effects of the nano-channel cross-section and the external force on the rheological behavior and structural properties of the polyethylene fluid were investigated.It was found that an absorbed layer appeared near the wall and the thickness of the absorbed layer increased with increasing cone angle of the nano-channel.The injection distance of the polyethylene fluid decreased with increasing cone angle and decreasing external force.In the nano-channel with cone angle 45°,polyethylene particles uniformly filled the whole channel and were stretched along the flow direction.Uniaxial stretching of particles was enhanced when the external force was strengthened,which facilitates injection of the polyethylene fluid into the nano-channel.     

Fabrication of a TiO2-P25/(TiO2-P25+TiO2 nanotubes) junction for dye sensitized solar cells

The dye sensitized solar cell（DSSC）, which converts solar light into electric energy, is expected to be a promising renewable energy source for today’s world. In this work, dye sensitized solar cells, one containing a single layer and one containing a double layer, were fabricated. In the double layer DSSC structure, the under-layer was TiO₂-P25 film, and the top layer consisted of a mixture of TiO₂-P25 and TiO₂ nanotubes. The results indicated that the efficiency of the DSSC with the double layer structure was a significant improvement in comparison to the DSSC consisting of only a single film layer. The addition of TiO₂-P25 in the top layer caused an improvement in the adsorption of dye molecules on the film rather than on the TiO₂ nanotubes only. The presence of the TiO₂ nanotubes together with TiO₂-P25 in the top layer revealed the enhancement in harvesting the incident light and an improvement of electron transport through the film.     

In situ reaction mechanism of MgAlON in Al-Al2O3-MgO composites at 1700℃ under flowing N2

The Al-Al₂O₃-MgO composites with added aluminum contents of approximately 0wt%, 5wt%, and 10wt%, named as M₁, M₂, and M₃, respectively, were prepared at 1700℃ for 5 h under a flowing N₂ atmosphere using the reaction sintering method. After sintering, the Al-Al₂O₃-MgO composites were characterized and analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results show that specimen M₁ was composed of MgO and MgAl₂O₄. Compared with specimen M₁, specimens M₂ and M₃ possessed MgAlON, and its production increased with increasing aluminum addition. Under an N₂ atmosphere, MgO, Al₂O₃, and Al in the matrix of specimens M₂ and M₃ reacted to form MgAlON and AlN-polytypoids, which combined the particles and the matrix together and imparted the Al-Al₂O₃-MgO composites with a dense structure. The mechanism of MgAlON synthesis is described as follows. Under an N₂ atmosphere, the partial pressure of oxygen is quite low; thus, when the Al-Al₂O₃-MgO composites were soaked at 580℃ for an extended period, aluminum metal was transformed into AlN. With increasing temperature, Al₂O₃ diffused into AlN crystal lattices and formed AlN-polytypoids; however, MgO reacted with Al₂O₃ to form MgAl₂O₄. When the temperature was greater than (1640 ±10)℃, AlN diffused into Al₂O₃ and formed spinel-structured AlON. In situ MgAlON was acquired through a solid-solution reaction between AlON and MgAl₂O₄ at high temperatures because of their similar spinel structures.     

Preparation of WC/CoCrFeNiAl_(0.2) high-entropy-alloy composites by high-gravity combustion synthesis

The WC/CoCrFeNiAl_(0.2) high-entropy alloy(HEA) composites were prepared through high-gravity combustion synthesis. The preparation method is presented below. First, using a designed suitable multiphase thermite system, the molten CoCrFeNiAl_(0.2) HEA was fabricated using low-cost metal oxides. The molten HEA was subsequently infiltrated into the WC layer to fabricate WC/CoCrFeNiAl_(0.2) composites in a highgravity field. The porosity of the WC/CoCrFeNiAl_(0.2) composites was down-regulated, and their compressive yield strength was up-regulated when the high-gravity field was increased from 600 g to 1500 g because this infiltration process of a HEA melt into the WC layer is driven by centrifugal force. The WC particles in the composites exhibited a gradient distribution along the direction of the centrifugal force, which was attributed to the combined action of the high-gravity field and the temperature gradient field. The Vickers hardness of the sample was down-regulated from9.53 to 7.41 GPa along the direction of the centrifugal force.     

复合管离心铸造工艺中的渗流传热过程

通过分析离心力场作用下铝熔液在Al2O3短纤维多孔介质内的渗流传热现象，考虑离心惯性力对渗流传热过程的影响，建立了多孔介质渗流传热模型，研究分析了复合管铸造工艺中离心渗透过程的流场和温度场瞬态变化规律，计算结果表明，在渗透区域，随时间的延长，渗透前沿不断推进，复合层温度逐渐上升，在未渗透的多孔预型区，固相颗粒温度基本不变，转速和孔隙率对渗流速度场的影响较大，对温度场的影响相对较小，进口处渗透速度很高，会形成急速的紊流状态，使复合材料内部形成气孔，研究结果对于离心铸造的工业设计及开发复合材料具有一定的指导作用。     

电场作用下二元液态合金中溶质活度变化理论模型

通过对Cu-0.2%Al合金施加直流、交流和脉冲电场发现,Cu液中溶质Al的活度系数随电场强度的增加,呈不同程度的减小趋势.为了进一步研究溶质Al的活度减小的原因,对Al-5%Cu合金在熔融状态下进行了液态淬火.通过淬火后的金相组织观察发现,电场作用下液态金属的结构发生了明显的变化,溶质在合金溶液中的分布发生了沿某一个方向聚集的现象.从而揭示了电场作用下二元系合金中溶质活度变化的本质,并在此基础上建立了电场作用下二元系合金中溶质活度变化的理论模型.     

叶片包角对离心泵流场及脉动特性的影响

针对离心泵非定常流动压力脉动特性,采用滑移网格的大涡模拟技术对叶片包角分别为95°,100°,105°,108°的4副叶轮进行数值模拟.分析了叶片包角对离心泵水力性能、叶轮出口"射流-尾迹"、测点压力脉动频谱特性和叶轮径向力的影响关系.结果表明:随着包角的增大,离心泵的水力性能下降;包角适当增大,会使叶轮射流-尾迹流动结构变弱.在设计工况下,蜗舌附近测点压力脉动最大;在蜗壳螺旋段压力脉动强度沿流动方向逐渐变弱,而在叶轮流道内压力脉动沿流动方向逐渐增强,在叶轮出口处达到最大;而离心泵叶轮所受径向力随着包角的增大而减小,适当地增大包角可以提高离心泵运行的可靠性.     

电磁软接触结晶器内钢液面高度对磁场分布的影响

利用有限元软件ANSYS对软接触电磁连铸结晶器内磁场进行三维数值模拟,分析了结晶器内钢液面高度对磁场及电磁力分布的影响.结果表明:钢液使得磁感应强度集中在钢液的侧表面;当钢液面低于线圈上沿时,钢液中磁感应强度的最大值出现在钢液上表面附近,并沿拉坯方向逐渐递减;当钢液面高于线圈上沿时,随着钢液面的升高磁感应强度的最大值向线圈中部移动;钢液侧表面所受电磁力的分布趋势与磁感应强度的分布趋势基本一致.     

离心式中间包流场的大涡模拟研究

为了研究离心式中间包的流动过程,采用大涡模拟(LES)方法针对3种不同情况,即(a)电磁力加直水口注流;(b)利用钢液的位能使用弯水口注流;(c)电磁力和弯水口注流共同作用,考察了影响旋流强度和中间包内流动结构的工艺参数.结果表明,LES方法可以成功模拟离心式中间包的三维湍流流场.与单纯电磁力或单纯弯水口相比,旋转电磁力和弯水口共同作用时可使水平面的旋流强度显著增强.在原有电磁力作用的基础上,使用弯水口注流可比原流场最大速度值增加约15%~19%.     

重力和离心力耦合作用下高速轴径向变形分析

跨距较长的轴在自身载荷作用下产生较大的挠度,进而导致轴高速旋转时离心力沿中线分布不均匀,从而加大了轴的挠度.在重力和离心力耦合作用下,轴端翘起导致轴端与密封件的磨损严重.本文提出了一种利用有限元分析模拟重力和离心力耦合作用下高速轴径向变形的方法,并将其应用于高速轴的设计中.结果表明,在2000 r/min的额定转速下,轴端的径向变形量达到64μm.通过优化轴承的位置,使轴端的径向变形量下降为1.8μm,有效的降低了密封件的磨损.最后,利用模态分析,发现改进设计后轴的额定转速有效的避开了其各阶临界转速.     

木卫一等离子体环中冷热离子的轨迹

通过模拟木卫一等离子体环中冷热离子的轨迹来分析离心力对冷热离子作用的大小,说明冷离子在离心力的约束下沿着磁力线来回反射,不可能进入木星大气层,而离心力对热离子运动的影响不大.木卫一等离子体环主要由高密度的冷等离子体组成,因此还需要一个能使冷离子离开木卫一等离子体环进入木星大气层的机制,使它能够引发木卫一尾迹极光的发射.     

横向非均匀磁场对原子的作用

本文讨论了横向非均匀磁场对原子磁矩的作用力，论证了该作用力垂直于外磁场方向的横向磁感应强度变化率大的方向．