巨大芽孢杆菌AP25内切葡聚糖酶基因的克隆及序列测定

从土壤中分离到一株产纤维素酶的巨大芽孢杆菌AP25,经羧甲基纤维素平板检测,该菌可产生葡聚糖内切酶。根据GenBank登录的β-1,4内切葡聚糖酶基因（DQ782954．1,M28332．1,AY859492．1）的同源性序列,利用PCR方法克隆到该酶的基因,并对其进行测序。测序结果显示其全长为1500bp,推测其含499个氨基酸。与GenBank中的已知葡聚糖内切酶相比较,发现该酶的氨基酸序列与Bacillus subtilis的β-1,4内切葡聚糖酶基因同源性达到达94％。     

文昌鱼eIF5A基因的克隆和进化学分析

对文昌鱼神经胚cDNA文库进行测序和系统分析，首次从青岛文昌鱼(Brachiostoma belcheri tsingtauense)中成功得到1个eIFSA基因的cDNA序列，分析其推导的氨基酸序列揭示该基因产物具有eIF-5A家族蛋白质共有的保守区．对其二级结构进行预测，序列同源性分析表明eIF-5A家族基因在所有的真核生物中都高度保守．进化生物学的分析显示文昌鱼的eIF5A基因与脊椎动物的同源性较高，     

鸡新城疫病毒ND-xx08株F基因的克隆及分析

新城疫病毒（NDV）ND-xx08毒株经10 d龄SPF鸡胚增殖后,提取其基因组RNA并反转录成cDNA,用NDV F基因特异性引物,经PCR扩增后获得与F基因预期大小一致的DNA片段。将NDV F基因片段克隆到pMD18-T载体上,并进行EcoR I和Hind III双酶切鉴定和测序鉴定。结果显示,ND-xx08毒株F基因片段的长度为1 662 bp,共编码554个氨基酸,F蛋白的裂解位点为112R-R-Q-K-R-F117,是典型强毒株氨基酸序列结构。将NDV ND-xx08株F基因的47 bp到420 bp序列与新城疫病毒基因型I至基因型Ⅸ毒株的相同序列绘制病毒基因进化树,显示ND-xx08分离株属于基因Ⅶe型。将NDV ND-xx08株F全基因与国内外发表的23株NDV F基因核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列的同源性比较分析,结果表明,其核苷酸序列的同源性在82.7%~97.8%之间,氨基酸同源性在87.5%~97.7%之间。     

A型肉毒杆菌毒素治疗面肌痉挛、脸肌痉挛68例报告

目的：探讨A型肉毒杆菌毒素治疗面肌痉挛和睑肌痉挛的效果,方法：应用A型肉毒杆菌毒素局部肌肉注射治疗共68例,药物浓度为0．1－0．2ng/mL(25-50U/mL),结果：有效率为100％,其中完全缓解85．3％,明显缓解及部分缓解14．7％,显效时间4h-3d,作用持续时间12－30周,无过敏和全身中毒反应,局部副作用轻微,可逆,结论：A型肉毒杆菌毒素治疗面肌痉挛和脸肌痉挛安全,简便,有效,可作为治疗面肌痉挛和睑肌痉挛的首选药物。     

Armillariella tabescens阿拉伯糖苷酶基因全长cDNA的克隆与表达

通过对假密环菌(Arm illariella tabescens)的表达cDNA克隆文库进行随机测序,获得一段与多形拟杆菌的阿拉伯糖苷酶序列同源性很高的EST序列(AJ620046).根据获得的EST序列用SMART-RACE技术成功从假密环菌中克隆出了阿拉伯糖苷酶基因的全长cDNA,用生物信息学的方法对所获的序列进行信息学分析.分析结果显示其全长cDNA为1 016 bp,其最长的开放阅读框架为924 bp,编码307个氨基酸,该全长cDNA序列与多形拟杆菌的阿拉伯糖苷酶序列具有较高同源性,80~279位氨基酸序列属于阿拉伯糖苷酶超家族,58~184位氨基酸是一个典型的结构功能域,蛋白分子质量预测为32 881 u,等电点为4.59.构建重组质粒pPIC9-AF,并在毕赤酵母菌GS115中对所获得的基因进行了表达,相对酶活达到了81.25%.     

蜡质芽孢杆菌酰基高丝氨酸内酯酶基因的克隆及序列分析

利用pMD18-T克隆载体从蜡质芽孢杆菌菌株T—HW3中克隆了酰基高丝氨酸内酯酶基因（AHL—lactonase，aiiA）。测序结果表明，该基因（GenBank登录号为DQ000643）由753个碱基组成，编码含有250个氨基酸残基的蛋白质。该蛋白质的推测的分子量为28kDa，等电点为4．235左右。核苷酸序列的BLAST分析结果表明，与之同源性较高的基因均为蜡质芽孢杆菌组aiiA基因（86％-99％）。     

平颏海蛇CRVP基因全长cDNA片段的克隆和序列分析

通过对平颏海蛇毒腺cDNA文库的随机测序和PCR筛选,克隆得到两种分别长为1309和1307bp的编码半胱氨酸丰富毒蛋白（cysteine-rich venom protein,CRVP）的全长cDNA序列。这两种crvp基因同源性为97％,分别编码238和199个氨基酸残基,其中包括一段相同的由19个氨基酸残基组成的信号肽。氨基酸序列分析表明,这两种CRVP蛋白与蜥蜴helothermine毒素蛋白以及台湾饭铲倩CRVP毒蛋白高度同源,而且具有半胱氨酸丰富分泌蛋白（cysteine-rich secretory protein,CRISP)家族的典型结构特征。     

PRRSV福建流行毒株结构蛋白基因之克隆分析

对福建省流行的PRRS病毒FJ-1的结构蛋白基因进行了克隆、测序.FJ-1结构蛋白基因序列长3 188个核苷酸,包含7个开放阅读框(ORF).将FJ-1结构蛋白基因与国内外已发表的18个报道全长结构蛋白基因的PRRSV毒株进行核苷酸序列和推定的氨基酸序列比较,发现:其与17个美洲型毒株核苷酸同源性达到89.7%～92.4%,推定各个ORF编码氨基酸的同源性在85.6%～98.6%之间;而与欧洲型毒株Lelystad核苷酸同源性为54.9%,推定各个ORF编码氨基酸同源性为53.2%～78.2%.遗传进化树分析表明FJ-1与美洲型毒株进化距离近,而与欧洲型毒株进化距离远.从分子水平上证明了福建省流行的PRRS病毒属于美洲型毒株.     

黑线仓鼠MHCⅡ类DQA基因外显子2的克隆与序列分析

为了探明黑线仓鼠MHC的结构与功能并寻找分子标记,对MHCⅡ类DQA基因的外显子2进行克隆和序列分析．提取黑线仓鼠3个群体（吴村、沂南和临朐）的基因组DNA构建基因池,利用PCR技术扩增得到249bp的片段,将该目的片段连接到pMD18-T载体中,重组质粒转入大肠杆菌DH5α后利用蓝白斑法筛选阳性克隆,测序后得到该目的片段的核苷酸序列（Genbank登录号：FJ209306）并推导出氨基酸序列．结果表明：黑线仓鼠、人类、大鼠、小鼠、猪、马、牛、兔之间DQA基因外显子2的核苷酸序列同源性为68．7％-85％,氨基酸序列同源性为56．8％-83．5％,黑线仓鼠与大鼠、小鼠亲缘关系更近．测序得到的OQA基因外显子2的序列在物种间具有丰富的多态性,可以作为物种遗传分析的分子标记．     

地衣芽孢杆菌植酸酶基因的克隆及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

根据已发表的Bacillus licheniformis植酸酶基因DNA序列(13eneBank AF469936),设计并合成了一对引物,应用PCR技术,以地衣芽孢杆菌AB91062的总DNA为模板,扩增出了植酸酶基因phyL的编码区,并将其克隆到pMD18-T载体上,进行了序列测定,测序结果经Genetool序列分析表明该基因编码区长1146bp,编码381个氨基酸,与已发表的Bacillus lichenjformis植酸酶基因序列在核苷酸水平上与所发表的序列有92％的同源性;在氨基酸水平上与已发表的衣芽孢杆菌植酸酶相似性为93％．并将该基因编码区克隆到大肠杆菌表达质粒pHBM625上,并在大肠杆菌中实现了高效表达,表达产物具有正常的生物学活性．     

Botulinum neurotoxin B recognizes its protein receptor with high affinity and specificity

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are produced by Clostridium botulinum and cause the neuroparalytic syndrome of botulism. With a lethal dose of 1 ng kg(-1), they pose a biological hazard to humans and a serious potential bioweapon threat. BoNTs bind with high specificity at neuromuscular junctions and they impair exocytosis of synaptic vesicles containing acetylcholine through specific proteolysis of SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptors), which constitute part of the synaptic vesicle fusion machinery. The molecular details of the toxin-cell recognition have been elusive. Here we report the structure of a BoNT in complex with its protein receptor: the receptor-binding domain of botulinum neurotoxin serotype B (BoNT/B) bound to the luminal domain of synaptotagmin II, determined at 2.15 A resolution. On binding, a helix is induced in the luminal domain which binds to a saddle-shaped crevice on a distal tip of BoNT/B. This crevice is adjacent to the non-overlapping ganglioside-binding site of BoNT/B. Synaptotagmin II interacts with BoNT/B with nanomolar affinity, at both neutral and acidic endosomal pH. Biochemical and neuronal ex vivo studies of structure-based mutations indicate high specificity and affinity of the interaction, and high selectivity of BoNT/B among synaptotagmin I and II isoforms. Synergistic binding of both synaptotagmin and ganglioside imposes geometric restrictions on the initiation of BoNT/B translocation after endocytosis. Our results provide the basis for the rational development of preventive vaccines or inhibitors against these neurotoxins.     

Acceptors for botulinum neurotoxin reside on motor nerve terminals and mediate its internalization

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNY) type A, a causative agent of botulism, is a di-chain protein (molecular weight 140,000) from Clostridium botulinum, and the most neurotoxic substance known. Some cases of sudden infant cot deaths have been attributed to such a neuroparalytic condition. BoNT inhibits irreversibly the release of acetylcholine from peripheral nerves in a highly selective manner. Hence, it is potentially an invaluable probe for studying the mechanism of transmitter release. Here we demonstrate specific labelling of murine motor nerve terminals with neurotoxic, 125I-labelled BoNT (type A) by autoradiography. We observed saturable, temperature-sensitive binding of BoNT to sites which reside solely on the nerve terminal membrane; these were distributed on all unmyelinated areas, at an average density of 150-500 per micron2 of membrane. The binding was mediated by the larger subunit of the toxin and was inhibited partially by tetanus toxin, another microbial protein. No specific binding was detectable on any other cell types examined, including noradrenergic terminals. Following binding, internalization of radioactivity was observed; this process was energy-dependent as it could be prevented totally by azide or dinitrophenol (DNP). This direct demonstration of separable steps, including highly selective binding and acceptor-mediated internalization, is reconcilable with the unique potency and the multiphasic inhibitory action of BoNT on transmitter release, as shown electrophysiologically.     

Substrate recognition strategy for botulinum neurotoxin serotype A

Clostridal neurotoxins (CNTs) are the causative agents of the neuroparalytic diseases botulism and tetanus. CNTs impair neuronal exocytosis through specific proteolysis of essential proteins called SNAREs. SNARE assembly into a low-energy ternary complex is believed to catalyse membrane fusion, precipitating neurotransmitter release; this process is attenuated in response to SNARE proteolysis. Site-specific SNARE hydrolysis is catalysed by the CNT light chains, a unique group of zinc-dependent endopeptidases. The means by which a CNT properly identifies and cleaves its target SNARE has been a subject of much speculation; it is thought to use one or more regions of enzyme-substrate interaction remote from the active site (exosites). Here we report the first structure of a CNT endopeptidase in complex with its target SNARE at a resolution of 2.1 A: botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) protease bound to human SNAP-25. The structure, together with enzyme kinetic data, reveals an array of exosites that determine substrate specificity. Substrate orientation is similar to that of the general zinc-dependent metalloprotease thermolysin. We observe significant structural changes near the toxin's catalytic pocket upon substrate binding, probably serving to render the protease competent for catalysis. The novel structures of the substrate-recognition exosites could be used for designing inhibitors specific to BoNT/A.     

胰岛素样人参多肽基因的克隆

在对胰岛素样人参多肽进行了氨基酸顺序分析的基础上，作者设计了该肽的基因并以化学法将基因分四段进行合成，合成好的片段经分离纯化后连接得小肽的完整基因，以Ｐ＾ＵＣ９作为克隆载体，用ＢａｍＨＩ和ＳａｌＩ将其双酶切后与合成的小肽基因相连接得到重组质粒，作者以此重组质粒转化ＪＭ１０１菌株并以含氨苄青霉素和Ｘｇａｌ、ＩＰＴＧ的平板进行了筛选得到了白色的重组子菌落。此后作者通过原位杂交、Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ印迹杂交     

Structural basis of cell surface receptor recognition by botulinum neurotoxin B

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are potent bacterial toxins that cause paralysis at femtomolar concentrations by blocking neurotransmitter release. A 'double receptor' model has been proposed in which BoNTs recognize nerve terminals via interactions with both gangliosides and protein receptors that mediate their entry. Of seven BoNTs (subtypes A-G), the putative receptors for BoNT/A, BoNT/B and BoNT/G have been identified, but the molecular details that govern recognition remain undefined. Here we report the crystal structure of full-length BoNT/B in complex with the synaptotagmin II (Syt-II) recognition domain at 2.6 A resolution. The structure of the complex reveals that Syt-II forms a short helix that binds to a hydrophobic groove within the binding domain of BoNT/B. In addition, mutagenesis of amino acid residues within this interface on Syt-II affects binding of BoNT/B. Structural and sequence analysis reveals that this hydrophobic groove is conserved in the BoNT/G and BoNT/B subtypes, but varies in other clostridial neurotoxins. Furthermore, molecular docking studies using the ganglioside G(T1b) indicate that its binding site is more extensive than previously proposed and might form contacts with both BoNT/B and synaptotagmin. The results provide structural insights into how BoNTs recognize protein receptors and reveal a promising target for blocking toxin-receptor recognition.     

水稻磷酸酯酶2A基因蛋白的原核表达载体构建、表达和纯化

利用PCR技术,从水稻品种日本晴幼穗cDNA中扩增磷酸酯酶2A的基因ORF片段,并将其克隆入原核表达载体pGEX-6p-1中构建重组质粒pGEX-6p-1-PP-2A,经限制性内切酶酶切鉴定以及测序结果表明成功构建了原核表达载体pGEX-6p-1-PP2A。转化E.coli JM109并通过终浓度为0．4mmol／L的IPTG诱导,表达出39kD的CST-PP2A融合蛋白,并用蛋白亲和层析柱GSTrap FF对表达产物进行纯化,为下一步的研究打下了实验基础。     

大肠杆菌菌毛抗原K99基因的亚克隆及核苷酸序列测定

利用PCR技术 ,从含有大肠杆菌菌毛抗原K99基因的质粒pX5K中扩增出 0 .4kb的K99菌毛抗原基因 ,然后将其亚克隆到pGEM T easy载体上 ,并转化至受体菌JM10 9中 ,采用碱性裂解法提取质粒DNA后 ,经NcoI和EcoRⅠ双酶切分析和核苷酸序列分析 ,证明插入的K99基因片段具有正确的核苷酸序列     

抗CPAα毒素单链抗体基因的克隆和表达及其生物学特性研究

应用RT—PCR技术 ,从分泌具有中和活性的抗A型产气荚膜梭菌 (CPA)α毒素单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞中 ,扩增出单链抗体 (ScFv)基因 ,并将其定向克隆于表达载体 pHOG2 1中 ,构建重组表达载体 pHOG 2E3,转化至大肠杆菌XL1 Blue中 ,筛选出表达菌株XL1 Blue(pHOG 2E3)。SDS PAGE分析结果表明 ,在 2 0℃用IPTG诱导培养时 ,表达的ScFv蛋白占菌体总蛋白的 2 5 %,ScFv蛋白主要以包涵体的形式存在 ,但在胞周质和培养上清中也能检测到ScFv蛋白 ,其中在胞周质中表达的ScFv蛋白占菌体可溶性蛋白的 4 %。生物学试验结果表明 ,ScFv基因表达产物不仅能够中和α毒素的磷酯酶C活性 ,而且对攻击致死剂量α毒素的小鼠产生良好的被动保护作用     

人类扭转蛋白A的基因克隆、表达与蛋白质纯化(I)——DYT1基因克隆与原核表达

通过基因工程方法,用大肠杆菌原核表达系统表达人扭转蛋白A.从该蛋白编码序列中设计引物,以人肝cDNA文库作模板扩增到编码该蛋白的基因片段.将所得片段与pMD l8-T载体连接,转化到JM l09大肠杆菌中,从转化平板上挑出菌落,用碱裂解法提取质粒,通过PCR和酶切分析,筛选到阳性克隆,测序结果与文献报道结果一致.提取质粒,用BamHI和XhoI酶切,回收目的片段,分别克隆到原核表达载体pET28a( )和pGEX-6P-1中,转化JM l09受体菌,从JM l09受体菌中提出质粒,再转化到BL21(DE3)菌中,筛选出阳性克隆,构建了人扭转蛋白A原核表达载体.IPTG诱导该工程菌,培养并离心收集.SDS-PAGE结果表明该蛋白在两种载体中均得到了高效表达.     

基因工程菌对偶氮染料脱色及生物强化作用

研究了基因工程菌Escherichia(E.)coli JM109(pGEX-AZR)对偶氮染料的脱色及生物强化能力.实验表明,合有10%E. coli JM109(pGEX-AZR)的强化体系对酸冲击的耐受能力没有提高,脱色率仅为80%;而对碱度及盐度的冲击表现出较强的耐受能力,脱色率超过90%.同时在AnSBRs中连续运行42 d,强化体系耐浓度冲击的能力和脱色率均高于对照体系.利用RISA测定微生物群落结构,E.coli JM109(pGEX-AZR)在强化体系中始终作为优势菌群存在并保持较高的代谢活性.