Episodic evolution of prolactin gene in primates

In the present study, we obtained exon 2--5 of prolactin (PRL) gene from four primate species by PCR and sequencing. Adding other genes available in GenBank, we calculate amino acid substitution rates for prolactin gene in primate. Comparison of nonsynonymous substitution rate to synonymous substitution rate ratios shows no evidence of positive selection for any lineage of primate prolactin gene.According to this and the facts that (i) no sites under positive selection are inferred by using maximum-likelihood method;(ii) among 32 amino acid replacement that occurred along the rapid evolutionary phase, only two are included in the 40 functionally important residues, indicating that amino acid replacement tends to occur in those functionally unimportant residues; (iii) partial of prolactin function is replaced by placental lactogen in primate at the rapid evolutionary phase of prolactin gene, we thus deem that it is relaxation of purifying selection to some extent rather than positive selection that enforces the rapid evolution of primate prolactin gene.     

Fast evolution of growth hormone receptor in primates and ruminants

Pituitary growth hormone (GH) evolves very slowly in most of mammals, but the evolutionary rates appear to have increased markedly on two occasions during the evolution of primates and ruminants. To investigate the evolutionary pattern of growth hormone receptor (GHR), we sequenced the extracellular domain of GHR genes from four primate species. Our results suggested that GHR in mammal also shows an episodic evolutionary pattern, which is consistent with that observed in pituitary growth hormone. Further analysis suggested that this pattern of rapid evolution observed in primates and ruminants is likely the result of coevolution between pituitary growth hormone and its receptor.     

The oldest known anthropoid postcranial fossils and the early evolution of higher primates

The middle Eocene primate family Eosimiidae, which is known from sites in central and eastern China and Myanmar, is central to efforts to reconstruct the origin and early evolution of anthropoid or 'higher' primates (monkeys, apes and humans). Previous knowledge of eosimiid anatomy has been restricted to the dentition and an isolated petrosal bone, and this limited anatomical information has led to conflicting interpretations of early anthropoid phylogeny. Here we describe foot bones of Eosimias from the same middle Eocene sites in China that yield abundant dental remains of this primate. Tarsals of Eosimias show derived anatomical traits that are otherwise restricted to living and fossil anthropoids. These new fossils substantiate the anthropoid status of Eosimias and clarify the phylogenetic position of anthropoids with respect to other major primate clades. Early anthropoids possessed a mosaic of primitive and derived traits in their postcranial skeletons, reflecting their derivation from haplorhine ancestors that retained many prosimian-like features.     

逐步回归分析的拓展

给出一种方法,在逐步回归后,使每一前进（后退）步为一单元步,用Ｆ检验来判别这单元步的去留,使回归式子比逐步回归纳入更多的解析变量,同时能减低向后消元法产生多重共线性的可能性．     

关于逐步回归算法的一个修正

将逐步回归算法用于符号回归任务时,会产生计算溢出现象,其原因是在检验因子的显著性时,由于数据精度很高,可能会发生最大偏回归平方和Ｖｍａｘ与残差平方和ｒｙｙ相等或非常接近的情况,从而造成检验式分母的绝对值过小而溢出,对此,提出了两种修正方法,修正后的算法消除了隐患,可用于符号回归等高精度数据拟合任务。     

染料废水的综合处理

采用硫酸钡、高岭土等无机物来吸附染料废水中的有机染料，使染料废水的ρ(CODCr)从1万多下降至1400mg／L左右，同时得到副产物纸用颜料，对无机物吸附后的废水，进一步用电化学氧化和活性炭吸附处理，使废水的ρ(CODCr)继续下降至100mg／L以下，而达到国家一级排放标准。     

5ka B.P.鄱阳湖地区古气候演化的有机碳稳定同位素记录

根据鄱阳湖沉积岩芯ZK01有机碳同位素以及沉积特征等环境指标的综合分析，并同鄱阳湖湖口地区孢粉组合特征相结合，重建鄱阳湖地区5kaB.P.以来的古气候演变。结果表明：5.0-4.2kaB.P.，气候以暖湿为主；4.2-3.9kaB.P.。以冷湿为主；3.9-3.2kaB.P.，气候转温和，以温偏干气候为主；3.2-3.0kaB.P.，气候凉偏干；3.0-2.8kaB.P.暖偏干气候为主；2.8-2.2kaB.P.,以凉偏湿为主；2.2-1.2kaB.P.，较长时期的温暖湿润气候；1.2-0.2kaB.P.，对应的冷湿气候特征；0.2kaB.P.到现在，气候又开始变得越来越温暖，可能是人类活动的影响所致。     

Stepwise radial complexation of imine groups in phenylazomethine dendrimers

Dendrimers are highly branched organic macromolecules with successive layers or 'generations' of branch units surrounding a central core. Organic-inorganic hybrid versions have also been produced, by trapping metal ions or metal clusters within the voids of the dendrimers. The unusual, tree-like topology endows these nanometre-sized macromolecules with a gradient in branch density from the interior to the exterior, which can give rise to an energy gradient that directs the transfer of charge and energy from the dendrimer periphery to its core. Here we show that tin ions, Sn(2+), complex to the imine groups of a spherical polyphenylazomethine dendrimer in a stepwise fashion. This behaviour reflects a gradient in the electron density associated with the imine groups, with complexation in a more peripheral generation proceeding only after complexation in generations closer to the core has been completed. By attaching an electron-withdrawing group to the dendrimer core, we are able to change the complexation pattern, so that the core imines are complexed last. By further extending this strategy, it should be possible to control the number and location of metal ions incorporated into dendrimer structures, which might find uses as tailored catalysts or building blocks for advanced materials.     

LNA-mediated microRNA silencing in non-human primates

microRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory RNAs that are important in development and disease and therefore represent a potential new class of targets for therapeutic intervention. Despite recent progress in silencing of miRNAs in rodents, the development of effective and safe approaches for sequence-specific antagonism of miRNAs in vivo remains a significant scientific and therapeutic challenge. Moreover, there are no reports of miRNA antagonism in primates. Here we show that the simple systemic delivery of a unconjugated, PBS-formulated locked-nucleic-acid-modified oligonucleotide (LNA-antimiR) effectively antagonizes the liver-expressed miR-122 in non-human primates. Acute administration by intravenous injections of 3 or 10 mg kg(-1) LNA-antimiR to African green monkeys resulted in uptake of the LNA-antimiR in the cytoplasm of primate hepatocytes and formation of stable heteroduplexes between the LNA-antimiR and miR-122. This was accompanied by depletion of mature miR-122 and dose-dependent lowering of plasma cholesterol. Efficient silencing of miR-122 was achieved in primates by three doses of 10 mg kg(-1) LNA-antimiR, leading to a long-lasting and reversible decrease in total plasma cholesterol without any evidence for LNA-associated toxicities or histopathological changes in the study animals. Our findings demonstrate the utility of systemically administered LNA-antimiRs in exploring miRNA function in rodents and primates, and support the potential of these compounds as a new class of therapeutics for disease-associated miRNAs.     

多重共线性的逐步回归检验分析

通过国家财政逐步回归模型实例,本文分析了自变量选取原则,阐明了变量筛选的依据,并在逐步回归具体步骤中,重点描述了多重共线性的解决过程,最后利用积矩相关系数,对多重共线性问题的解决结果进行分析,并给出了合理的实际意义。     

RNAi-mediated gene silencing in non-human primates

The opportunity to harness the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway to silence disease-causing genes holds great promise for the development of therapeutics directed against targets that are otherwise not addressable with current medicines. Although there are numerous examples of in vivo silencing of target genes after local delivery of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), there remain only a few reports of RNAi-mediated silencing in response to systemic delivery of siRNA, and there are no reports of systemic efficacy in non-rodent species. Here we show that siRNAs, when delivered systemically in a liposomal formulation, can silence the disease target apolipoprotein B (ApoB) in non-human primates. APOB-specific siRNAs were encapsulated in stable nucleic acid lipid particles (SNALP) and administered by intravenous injection to cynomolgus monkeys at doses of 1 or 2.5 mg kg(-1). A single siRNA injection resulted in dose-dependent silencing of APOB messenger RNA expression in the liver 48 h after administration, with maximal silencing of >90%. This silencing effect occurred as a result of APOB mRNA cleavage at precisely the site predicted for the RNAi mechanism. Significant reductions in ApoB protein, serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels were observed as early as 24 h after treatment and lasted for 11 days at the highest siRNA dose, thus demonstrating an immediate, potent and lasting biological effect of siRNA treatment. Our findings show clinically relevant RNAi-mediated gene silencing in non-human primates, supporting RNAi therapeutics as a potential new class of drugs.     

云计算支撑信息服务社会化、集约化和专业化

从图灵计算机到网格计算的发展,云计算要求云计算中心支持社会化、集约化和专业化的信息服务,从而达到“网络丰富,边缘简单、交互智能”。系统阐述了云计算的核心技术,提出了“虚拟集群”的概念,计算资源的虚拟化组织、分配和使用有利于资源合理配置并提高利用率,促进节能减排,实现绿色计算。指出高端服务器和虚拟集群将是云计算发展的重要方向,形成新的高端服务器产业链将成为计算中心、数据中心发展的趋势。     

Stepwise phosphorylation of myo-inositol leading to myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in Dictyostelium

Although myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6; phytate) is the most abundant inositol phosphate in nature and probably has a wide variety of functions, neither the route of its synthesis from myo-inositol nor its metabolic relationships with other inositol-containing compounds (such as the second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, Ins(1,4,5)P3) are known. Here we report that the pathway by which InsP6 is synthesized in the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium, and in cell-free preparations derived from them, is catalysed by a series of soluble ATP-dependent kinases independently of the metabolism of both phosphatidylinositol and Ins(1,4,5)P3. The intermediates between myo-inositol and InsP6 are Ins3P, Ins(3,6)P2, Ins(3,4,6)P3, Ins(1,3,4,6)P4 and Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5. The 3- and 5-phosphates of InsP6 take part in futile cycles in which Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P5 and Ins(1,2,3,4,6)P5 are rapidly formed by dephosphorylation of InsP6, only to be rephosphorylated to yield their precursor.     

昆明地区高血压影响因素的逐步判别分析

分析影响血压的重要因素，为有效地预防高血压病及高血压的临床治疗都有重要意义．文中利用逐步判别分析法，将影响血压的多个因素化简出最优的因子，建立判别函数进行逐步分析，估计出判别系数，对数据进行分析判断，得出各因素对高血压的影响     

考虑剪切变形时阶梯连续梁弯曲变形

本文采用考虑剪切变形时梁理论［１］的基本微分方程组，导出了阶梯连续梁弯曲变形的转角及挠曲线的通解。     

逐步回归与判别分析的应用研究--在乳腺疾病建模中的应用

体内激素紊乱是导致乳腺疾病发生的重要原因,将逐步回归法与Fisher判别法结合应用于乳腺疾病建模中,对乳腺疾病与6种内分泌激素及患者年龄的关系进行了多元线性判定分析,建立了变量与相关疾病的逻辑回归模型与判别模型,该模型通过实际应用,判别效果较好,有助于乳腺疾病的诊断。