Simulation study of discharge processes in thunderstorm

The discharge characteristics in thunderstorm have been calculated by using a numerical cloud model. The results indicate that discharge processes occur when simulated thunderstorm developed at the stage of 30-45 min and initial locations of discharge mainly distributes between 4.4-4.8 km and 6.4-6.8 km above the ground (corresponding to ambient temperature of - 10℃ and -25℃. In simulated thunderstorm with a tripole electric structure, 10% of discharges occur between upper positive charge area and middle negative charge area and propagate upwards (from middle negative charge area to upper positive charge area); while, 90% of discharges occur between lower positive charge area and middle negative charge area and propagate downwards (from negative charge area to lower positive charge area). There is a positive correlation between updraft and discharge. The occurrence of discharge process needs hydrometer with a specified concentration and size in cloud (corresponding to ≥ 5 mm/h for precipitation on the ground). The maximum value of precipitation lags the peak of discharge number by a period of about several minutes. The discharge and its variation in thunderstorm are an important factor for monitoring and forecasting thunderstorm.     

Polarity inverted intracloud discharges and electric charge structure of thunderstorm

The three-dimensional spatial and temporal development of impulsive VHF radiation events during lightning discharges has been analyzed based on the data measured by the lightning mapping array (LMA) system with high space and time resolution. The results indicate that intracloud discharges in the thunderstorm with anormal tripole charge structure occur not only between the upper positive and middle main negative charge region, but also with inverted polarity between the lower positive and middle main negative charge region. The polarity-inverted discharge originates from the middle negative charge and propagates downward to the lower positive region, where then the discharge develops horizontally. The characteristics of the discharge are similar to that of normal intracloud discharge except the polarity opposite. The results further confirmed the existence of the lower positive charge region involved in the lightning discharge. It was also found that the inverted charge structure opposite to the normal polarity ap pears in some storms or at a certain stage of the storm development. In the stor m with a polarity inverted charge structure, a main positive charge region is lo cated at the middle part and a negative charge at the upper part of the storm. T he intracloud discharges occurred between them are of inverted polarity, showing the existence of a polarity inverted charging mechanism in storms and the compl exity of storm charge structure.     

Charge structures and cloud-to-ground lightning discharges characteristics in two supercell thunderstorms

The characteristics of CG lightning discharges have been studied because they often result in the disaster and are easier to be observed than intracloud discharge. In early stage, the locations of charges in cloud are de- termined based on the multi-stati…     

基于气隙电阻变化模型的单气隙局部放电仿真计算

为了对气隙局部放电的不同击穿过程和不同时间过程进行仿真研究,采用了一种按照局部放电物理本质修正的基于气隙电阻变化的单气隙局部放电仿真模型.仿真研究了气隙贯穿放电、气隙沿面放电以及气隙贯穿放电与气隙沿面放电同时发生3种不同的放电过程,研究了微秒级放电、亚纳秒级放电、纳秒级放电等3种不同的气隙击穿时间对放电波形的影响规律,研究了气隙放电中电子雪崩过程的放电特征.发现不同放电击穿过程和不同时间过程的放电波形之间存在差异,采用电子雪崩控制放电过程可以得到与实际测量波形十分接近的仿真结果,为今后进一步研究气隙放电的物理化学过程奠定了基础.     

A gigantic jet event observed over a thunderstorm in mainland China

Gigantic jet(GJ) is a type of large-scaled transient discharge which occurs above thunderstorms.It connects the thunderstorms and ionosphere directly.Compared with the other transient luminous events(TLEs),gigantic jet is very difficult to be seen from the ground.We report a GJ event that was clearly recorded in eastern China(storm center located at 35.6°N,119.8°E,near the Huanghai Sea) at 20:16:22(local time) on 12 August,2010.It is by far the furthest from the equator ground-based GJ recorded over summer thunderstorm.The top altitude of this GJ was estimated to be about 89 km.The GJ-producing storm was a multi-cell thunderstorm and the GJ event occurred in the storm developing stage,with the lowest cloud-top brightness temperature about 73°C and the maximum radar echo top around 17 km.Altitudes with reflectivity of 45 dBZ were estimated to reach 12-14 km.Different from results from other countries that positive CGs(Cloud-to-ground lightnings) dominated during a time period centered at GJ,our study shows that negative CGs dominated during a time period centered at the GJ event and during most of the storm lifetime in this study,indicating a diversity of the lightning activity in the GJ-producing storms.It is interesting that two different storms produced two types of TLEs,that is,the GJ-producing storm only produced one GJ event during its lifetime and five sprites were produced over another storm,different from the other study that sprites and GJs were usually produced by the same storm,enriched the knowledge of GJ-producing storms.In addition,the GJ event in this study is located beyond the effective coverage area(30°S-30°N) of the ISUAL instruments onboard the FORMOSAT II satellite,and results of this study could be useful for GJ studies in the future.     

D型MH/Ni电池过放电机理的研究

通过对D型密封MH／Ni电池在放电过程中电池电压和放电容量以及开口MH／Ni电池在放电过程中电池电压、正负极电极电位和放电容量的关系分析，探讨了电池的过放电机理。发现电池在放电全过程中存在着三种反应过程，而当电池深度过放电时，正极上析出氢气，负极上析出氧气。本文还采用循环伏安法对电池正负极的反应过程进行了研究，从而进一步说明了电池的过放电机理。     

直流电晕放电特性分析

电晕放电产生的空间电荷在电场中的运动形成电晕电流。电晕电流产生的线路损耗会增加输电成本,对线路通道的电磁环境造成干扰。建立自洽的等离子体模型和简化的电晕放电模型,放电通过施加到内部电极的高压直流电源在同轴配置的两个电极内持续进行。从微观角度分析大气压下干空气中的正负电晕放电的物理过程,重点研究负极带电粒子的产生和输送,以及如何转化为放电的电流-电压特性。结果表明：电晕放电主要在电离区和传输区进行,正负电晕放电特征各不相同,两种模型下获得的电势和空间电荷密度计算结果具有很好的一致性。在负电晕放电中,电子是能量传递的主要载体,电荷分离不会使外加电势的分布发生形变。     

地线绝缘子间隙放电电流波形特征分析

地线绝缘子并联间隙长度的减小,使其在高感应电压影响下极易产生间隙击穿放电,直接威胁电力系统的安全运行。为了解地线绝缘子间隙放电电流波形特征,进行地线绝缘子不同间隙击穿放电试验研究。测量了试验过程中击穿放电电流波形,分析了其时域和频域特征。分析结果表明,放电电流波形起始段会产生一个大脉冲,脉冲电流幅值达到6 A左右;大脉冲电流过后出现正弦电流波形,其电流幅值约为0. 25 A,持续1～2个周波之后,电流降为0。正弦电流波形中会包含2～4个小脉冲,脉冲正负交替呈现,持续时间约25μs;且在不同间隙宽度下放电电流波形频率集中在50 Hz。同时研究发现将时域和频域特征分析所得结果作为特征量,可以对间隙放电电流波形进行识别。研究结果可以为地线放电故障电流监测提供参考依据。     

雷暴单体的对流强度对电荷结构的影响

利用三维雷暴云动力—电耦合数值模式,通过改变中心扰动位温,设置敏感性试验组,分析探讨雷暴单体对流强度对电荷结构的影响。结果表明:雷暴单体对流强度随着扰动位温的增加而增加。对流强度不同,其空间电荷结构也明显不同,但始终存在底部次正电荷区。当对流较弱时,雷暴电荷结构简单,只有主负电荷区和次正电荷区,无主正电荷区。在中等强度的对流雷暴中,雷暴内基本呈正常三极性电荷结构,且主负电荷区有上、下两个明显的电荷中心,上部中心的电荷密度更大。在强雷暴单体中,除了正常的三极性结构以外,次正电荷区以下出现了小范围弱的负电荷区,云顶出现了负屏蔽层,从下到上呈现出正负交替的五层,是电荷结构最复杂的阶段。这主要是由于云上部的正电荷区持续时间较长,电荷密度较大,增强了对周围大气中自由离子的吸引,自由离子被吸引到云边界附着到粒子上,在云顶形成了负屏蔽电荷层。同时,由于对流强,霰粒子可以得到更快的增长,固态降水增强,下沉气流中的霰通过与云滴的感应碰撞形成了云底部短时的弱负电荷区。     

Multiple seismic discontinuities near the base of the transition zone in the Earth's mantle

The seismologically defined boundary between the transition zone in the Earth's mantle (410-660 km depth) and the underlying lower mantle is generally interpreted to result from the breakdown of the gamma-spinel phase of olivine to magnesium-perovskite and magnesiowustite. Laboratory measurements of these transformations of olivine have determined that the phase boundary has a negative Clapeyron slope and does indeed occur near pressures corresponding to the base of the transition zone. But a computational study has indicated that, because of the presence of garnet minerals, multiple seismic discontinuities might exist near a depth of 660 km (ref. 4), which would alter the simple negative correlation of changes in temperature with changes in the depth of the phase boundary. In particular, garnet minerals undergo exothermic transformations near this depth, acting to complicate the phase relations and possibly effecting mantle convection processes in some regions. Here we present seismic evidence that supports the existence of such multiple transitions near a depth of 660 km beneath southern California. The observations are consistent with having been generated by garnet transformations coupling with the dissociation of the gamma-spinel phase of olivine. Temperature anomalies calculated from the imaged discontinuity depths--using Clapeyron slopes determined for the various transformations--generally match those predicted from an independent P-wave velocity model of the region.     

Spatial and temporal characteristics of VHF radiation source produced by lightning in supercell thunderstorms

The three-dimensional temporal and spatial characteristics of VHF radiation events produced by lightning discharges in three supercell thunderstorms have been analyzed based on the data measured by the lightning mapping array system with high time and space resolution. The results indicate that lightning hole (lighting free region) with about 5-6km in diameter or lighting ring (annular lighting free region) is associated with the strong updraft in thunderstorm.The lasting time of lightning holes is either short or long, being about 20min in a tornado-producing thunderstorm. The lightning holes appear before the occurrence of tornado.The lightning hole is the most obvious during the occurrence of tornado and some self-existent lighting radiation events appear at a height of 15-16km. The lightning channels of inter-cloud (IC) lightning discharge exhibit clockwise rotary structures and do not have clear bilevel structures in the vicinity of the tornado.The lightning holes are corresponding to the strong updraft region.The temporal and spatial distribution of lightning radiation events reveals the structure of strong updraft in supercell thunderstorms.Positive cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning discharges dominate in these thunderstorms and the peak of positive CG lightning flash rate appears, with the maximum of 6 per minute,after or before the occurrence of tornado.     

Broadband interferometer observations of a triggered lightning

The development of positive leader of an artificially triggered lightning has been analyzed based on the data of electric field change, location of radiation source and frequency spectrum obtained by using the broadband interferometer system. The results indicate that radiation from positive leader could be detected within close distance in spite of the relatively weak radiation, while the radiation from negative breakdown processes was relatively stronger. Positive leader developed with few branches, and the initial progression velocity was of the order of 10⁵ m/s. The distribution of power spectrum by 25 MHz high pass filter indicated that the radiation frequency from positive leader maximized at 25–30 MHz, while that from negative breakdown processes maximized at 60–70 MHz.     

基于电化学机理模型的锂离子电池早期内短路电热特征研究

锂离子电池的内短路故障是诱发其热失控的主要原因之一,早期内短路特征研究能够为电池管理系统的故障诊断和安全预警提供支撑,对提高电动汽车的安全性具有重要意义。构建了锂离子电池内短路电化学机理模型,实现了不同内短路阻值下的锂枝晶内短路故障模拟。结果表明,由锂枝晶导致的电池内短路产热98%以上来源于正负极产生的焦耳热,早期内短路过程中正负极集流体表面的温升小于1.5 K,不显著的外部热特征无法用于早期内短路故障诊断。与正常电池相比,内短路故障将使得电池充电速度变慢,放电速度变快,端电压异常下降,上述电特征可以为构建早期内短路故障诊断方法提供依据。     

接地电阻对放电击中点的影响

采用对比性试验,研究了接地电阻对火花放电击中点的影响.试验结果和观测均表明,接地电阻能抑制从接地端产生的迎面放电的发展速度和通道强度,从而使其被击中概率下降,负极性比正极性下接地电阻对火花放电击中点的影响要显著得多.     

接地电阻对放电击中点影响的试验研究

采用对比性试验，研究了接地电阻对火花放电击中点的影响．试验结果和观测均表明，接地电阻能抑制从接地端产生的迎面放电的发展速度和通道强度，从而使其被击中概率下降，负极性比正极性下接地电阻对火花放电击中点的影响要显著得多．     

相干光场的相对相位对K-型五能级原子的单光子和双光子吸收性质的影响

当K-型五能级原子的两基态能级邻近简并时,连接基态的两个跃迁路径与同一个真空场辐射场相互作用导致的量子干涉效应便产生了空场诱导相干性。K-型五能级原子系统的单光子和双光子电磁诱导透明受空场诱导相干性的作用效果十分明显,单光子吸收性质与外加相干光场的相对相位也有直接联系。     

Red sprites over thunderstorms in the coast of Shandong Province,China

Red sprites, different from lightning flashes occurring in the troposphere, are large and brief dis-charges which appear in the altitude range from about 40 to 90 km above large thunderstorms and are usually caused by cloud-to-ground lightning discharges （CGs）. A total of 17 sprites over two thunder-storms were first observed during the summer of 2007. One of the sprites occurred on July 28 above a thunderstorm in Guan County and the center of the storm was about 272 km from the observation site. The other sprites were recorded at the late night of August I and in the early morning of August 2, and the storm center was about 315 km away. All of the observed sprites occurred in cluster, and their appearances were very different, including ‘columniform sprites＇, ‘columniform sprites＇ with angel-like wings, ‘carrot sprites＇,‘dancing sprites＇, etc. The duration of the sprites varied from a minimum of 40 ms to a maximum of 160 ms with a geometric mean （GM） of 61 ms. The time delay between parental positive cloud-to-ground lightning flashes （＋CGs） and the associated sprites varied from 3.4 to 11.8 ms with a GM of 7.1 ms. The ratio of the number of ＋CGs to the total number of CGs during the time period with sprites was 7 times larger than that when no sprites occurred. Sprites did not appear frequently at the time when the convective activity is strong but when the thunderstorm starts to become weak.     

Recent Arctic warming vertical structure contested

The vertical structure of the recent Arctic warming contains information about the processes governing Arctic climate trends. Graversen et al. argue, on the basis of ERA-40 reanalysis data, that a distinct maximum in 1979-2001 warm-season (April-October) Arctic temperature trends appears around 3 km above ground. Here we show that this is due to the heterogeneous nature of the data source, which incorporates information from satellites and radiosondes. Radiosonde data alone suggest the warming was strongest near ground.     

平抑风电功率波动的双配置混合储能系统控制策略

风电功率具有波动性,不利于电力系统正常运行,因此构建了由两组超级电容器和两组蓄电池组成的双配置混合储能系统,用以平抑波动。两组超级电容器根据实时荷电状态交替补偿高频正、负功率波动,分别处于充、放电状态;当任意一组达到荷电状态上限约束值或下限约束值,则同时切换两组超级电容器的充放电状态,保证其处于不同的工作状态。两组蓄电池采用同样的控制策略,用于补偿低频正、负功率波动。最后,对某风电场历史数据进行仿真分析,结果表明,该方案可有效提高储能装置利用效率,降低其容量配置;并且大幅度降低了储能装置充放电切换次数,提高了循环使用寿命。     

线筒式电晕放电伏安特性关系的研究

线筒式负电晕放电是指阳极为半径较大的圆筒,阴极为半径很小的导线的电晕放电形式,是静电除尘器中最基本的放电形式.笔者研究了阳极筒半径分别为100,80,50 mm,阴极线半径为0.5,0.25,0.15 mm,有效长度为1 m的情况下线筒式负电晕放电的伏安特性,测量得到了不同情况下的放电电流值和I-U关系图.结果表明放电电流随着阴极半径的减小和阳极半径的增大而增长.另外发现I/U和U之间呈很好的线性关系,对此结果进行了理论分析,得出关系式I=(8πε0μ(U-Us)U)/(R2ln(R/r0)),结果与实验现象相吻合.