关于integral from n=0 to ∞(f~((0))(■(u~sl)/■u)du)的一种近似计算——读“导体与半导体”的一点管见

一、引言早在1900年,德鲁特就已提出金属的电与热的性质可以通过假设金属中含有自由电子来解释。并且,引进了自由电子碰撞平均自由程的概念,从而推导出电导率与热导率的近似公式。     

等离子体技术可减少环境污染

等离子体是指当任何不带电的普通气体在受到外界高能作用后(如对气体施加高能粒子轰击、激光照射、气体放电、热致电离等方法)，部分原子中电子吸收的能量超过原子电离能后脱离原子核的束缚而成为自由电子，同时原子因失去电子而成为带正电的离子，这样原中性气体因电离将转变成由大量自由电子、正电离子和部分中性原子组成的与原气体具有不同性质的     

激光激励金属下探测光电子性能实验设计与分析

文章分析研究了一价金属中电子的能量和金属相关性质。设计了两个实验,选择一价金属,用单色准直紫外激光做实验,在光电子能谱仪上精确测定出光电子的速率分布和概率分布。探测一价金属内部自由电子与原子实的能量分布以及结构模型;用紫外激光激励产生的单色的小焦点光电子束代替透射电子显微镜中电子束光源。     

固体中的电子运动

一、引言研究固体中的电子运动是固体物理最基本也是最重要的课题。早在本世纪初特鲁德研究金属的导热、导电性质时,就提出了“金属自由电子论”。洛伦兹在特鲁德的基础上,进一步用经典统计来处理金属中的自由电子,他们都得到了著名的魏德曼——佛兰兹定律,还说明了不少热电现象。不过,在处理有些问题上,经典的自由电子理论存在着严重的困难,例如自由电子对热容量的贡献问题。这个困难须用量子理论才能解决。我们知道,晶体中离子是有规则地排列的,而离子场的影响是不能忽略的,因此实     

自由电子激光述评

本文阐述了自由电子激光(FEL)的原理、以及从理论和实验两方面阐述了自由电子激光的性质。最后,阐明了目前自由电子激光在理论上和实验上的发展动向.     

非磁金属中间层对磁性隧道结磁电阻效应的影响

用自由电子近似方法对具有非磁金属中间层的磁性隧道结的磁电阻进行了研究，从理论上讨论了非磁金属中间层对磁电阻的影响。数值计算结果表明，当外加偏压不同时非磁金属中间层的作用是不同的。在外加电压使电子从非磁金属中间层穿过势垒的情况下，非磁金属中间层的变厚可以增强隧穿磁电阻效应。这一性质可以用于磁性隧道结的优化。     

金属铝高压下热力学性质的第一原理研究

采用第一原理框架下的赝势平面波方法,计算研究了立方Al晶体的点阵常数、体积和能带.计算结果与实验值及前人的理论结果一致.采用准谐波近似模型研究了Al的热容、热膨胀系数和德拜特征温度等热力学性质.结果表明:Al的价带以孤立带和近自由电子带两种形式存在,表现出典型的金属特征.热容随着温度的升高快速增大,逐渐达到最大值24.68 J·mol-1·K-1.     

布拉菲晶格布里渊区及费米面的分析和计算

布里渊区和费米面是固体电子论建立的基础.在研究和分析晶体电子态、晶体材料中波的性质以及原子点阵振动理论中都会涉及到布里渊区的概念;费米面的研究对深化材料电导率、热导率等物理性质的认识提供了重要的理论基础.本文结合自由电子波函数理论描绘出二维晶格的布里渊区与相应的自由电子气费米面的构造图.由于晶体中离子实在平衡位置的微弱振动对实际费米面的构造及形状具有一定的影响,从自由电子的微扰论出发可以对真实金属费米面的畸变进行合理的理论解释.     

金属Mo的价键结构随温度和压力的变化

根据能形法确定金属Mo的价键结构,并研究金属Mo的价键结构随温度和压力的变化。研究结果表明:室温时,金属Mo的外层价电子数为e c4.910 4(dc2.700 4+sc0.560 0+p1c.650 0)e1f.089 6,单键半径为0.128 08 nm;随着温度升高,金属Mo的共价电子减少,近自由电子增加,但在固相范围内变化不大;随着温度升高,键长增长,键价降低,键能也降低;零压时金属Mo的外层价电子数为e c4.903 2(dc2.703 2+sc0.560 0+p1c.640 0)e1f.096 8,单键半径为0.128 04 nm;随着压力的升高,金属Mo的共价电子增加,近自由电子减少,晶体的共价性增加,金属性减弱,且键长缩短,键价增大,键能降低。     

对安培力机理的分析

安培力是电磁学中一个重要的物理概念。在电磁学教材中对安培力机理只作简单的叙述:(1)导线受的安培力就是作用在各自由电子上洛仑兹力的宏观表现。虽然这个力作用在金属内的自由电子上,但是自由电子总是与金属的晶体点阵不断碰撞的,自由电子获得的动量最终都会传递给金属的晶格骨架,宏观上看起来将是金属导线本身受到这个力。(2)磁场中的载流导体内的每一定向运动的电荷,都要受到洛仑兹力。由于这些电荷受到导体的约束,而将这个力传递给导体,表现为载流导体受到的一个磁场力,称为安培力。     

自由电子激光器的发展及其应用

自由电子激光器是一种完全新型的相干电源,它的一些特点是其它相干光源所不可比拟的.本文在简述自由电子激光器的原理之后,介绍自由电子激光器的发展及其应用.     

Multiple ionization of atom clusters by intense soft X-rays from a free-electron laser

Intense radiation from lasers has opened up many new areas of research in physics and chemistry, and has revolutionized optical technology. So far, most work in the field of nonlinear processes has been restricted to infrared, visible and ultraviolet light, although progress in the development of X-ray lasers has been made recently. With the advent of a free-electron laser in the soft-X-ray regime below 100 nm wavelength, a new light source is now available for experiments with intense, short-wavelength radiation that could be used to obtain deeper insights into the structure of matter. Other free-electron sources with even shorter wavelengths are planned for the future. Here we present initial results from a study of the interaction of soft X-ray radiation, generated by a free-electron laser, with Xe atoms and clusters. We find that, whereas Xe atoms become only singly ionized by the absorption of single photons, absorption in clusters is strongly enhanced. On average, each atom in large clusters absorbs up to 400 eV, corresponding to 30 photons. We suggest that the clusters are heated up and electrons are emitted after acquiring sufficient energy. The clusters finally disintegrate completely by Coulomb explosion.     

Atomic inner-shell X-ray laser at 1.46 nanometres pumped by an X-ray free-electron laser

Since the invention of the laser more than 50 years ago, scientists have striven to achieve amplification on atomic transitions of increasingly shorter wavelength. The introduction of X-ray free-electron lasers makes it possible to pump new atomic X-ray lasers with ultrashort pulse duration, extreme spectral brightness and full temporal coherence. Here we describe the implementation of an X-ray laser in the kiloelectronvolt energy regime, based on atomic population inversion and driven by rapid K-shell photo-ionization using pulses from an X-ray free-electron laser. We established a population inversion of the Kα transition in singly ionized neon at 1.46 nanometres (corresponding to a photon energy of 849 electronvolts) in an elongated plasma column created by irradiation of a gas medium. We observed strong amplified spontaneous emission from the end of the excited plasma. This resulted in femtosecond-duration, high-intensity X-ray pulses of much shorter wavelength and greater brilliance than achieved with previous atomic X-ray lasers. Moreover, this scheme provides greatly increased wavelength stability, monochromaticity and improved temporal coherence by comparison with present-day X-ray free-electron lasers. The atomic X-ray lasers realized here may be useful for high-resolution spectroscopy and nonlinear X-ray studies.     

磁性隧道结自旋极化电子隧穿的温度特性

基于自由电子模型,研究了铁磁金属／绝缘体（半导体）／铁磁金属（ＦＭ／Ｉ（Ｓ）／ＦＭ）隧道结自旋极化电子隧穿的温度特性。从结论可以定性地解释有关的实验现象。     

自由电子激光与混沌

对自由电子激光的混沌问題作了评述,讨论了自由电子激光中电子与光场的不稳定性、电子轨道混沌与光场混沌之间的相互影响与关联。指出用混沌理论研究手段对探索自由电子激光的重要意义和途径。     

等离子体材料非线性数值分析方法综述

等离子体微纳材料中自由电子气对电磁场的响应使材料产生固有的非线性现象.论文综述了解决非线性问题常用的两种计算模型及基于这两种模型的数值算法,总结了两种模型及对应数值算法在模拟等离子体材料非线性性质时的优缺点.     

High-power terahertz radiation from relativistic electrons

Terahertz (THz) radiation, which lies in the far-infrared region, is at the interface of electronics and photonics. Narrow-band THz radiation can be produced by free-electron lasers and fast diodes. Broadband THz radiation can be produced by thermal sources and, more recently, by table-top laser-driven sources and by short electron bunches in accelerators, but so far only with low power. Here we report calculations and measurements that confirm the production of high-power broadband THz radiation from subpicosecond electron bunches in an accelerator. The average power is nearly 20 watts, several orders of magnitude higher than any existing source, which could enable various new applications. In particular, many materials have distinct absorptive and dispersive properties in this spectral range, so that THz imaging could reveal interesting features. For example, it would be possible to image the distribution of specific proteins or water in tissue, or buried metal layers in semiconductors; the present source would allow full-field, real-time capture of such images. High peak and average power THz sources are also critical in driving new nonlinear phenomena and for pump-probe studies of dynamical properties of materials.     

光整流产生泰赫兹辐射的原理及研究进展

泰赫兹辐射是电磁波谱中很窄的一部分，随着飞秒激光技术的成熟和自由电子激光器的发展，对产生泰赫兹辐射的辐射源以及泰赫兹波的性质的研究越来越深入．本文着重介绍近几年发展起来的几种用非线性光学方法产生泰赫兹辐射的基本原理．     

CAEP-FEL装置自发辐射和同步辐射分析

在自由电子激光振荡器中，电子在摇摆器产生的自发辐射与在偏转轨道上产生的同步辐射同时存在，自发辐射是与受激辐射密切相关的过程。分析对比了同步辐射与自发辐射的强度和频谱分布，并与实验结果进行了比较。     

超高斯强激光在等离子体中传播的自聚焦

通过数值求解非线性近轴波方程, 研究了在等离子体中传输的超高斯强激光的自聚焦行为. 结果表明, 自聚焦形成的环在初始光束受到扰动时出现环分裂的现象, 同时由于自由电子的散焦作用, 使得自聚焦环被限制在某一特征尺度内.