WCF－62钢微观断裂过程的研究

采用不同裂纹深度试样及不同类型缺口试样对ＷＣＦ－６２铜下平台及转变区的微观断裂过程进行了研究。在下平台区，断裂为应力控制的Ｋ主导过程，裂纹及缺口试样解理的临界过程分别为第二相尺寸及贝氏体束宽度的微裂纹向周围基体的扩展。在转变区，随延性裂纹扩展，裂端三轴应力度增加，裂端主应力的提升由应力强化与应变强化两个因素决定，延性裂尖宽度变化及解理点在裂尖前的分布均具有随机性，从而导致韧性值的分散。     

钢制气体管道动态裂纹扩展的温度效应

针对发生在钢制气体传输管道中的动态断裂问题，采用节点力释放技术和生成模式，分析了温度效应对动态裂纹扩展的影响。结果表明，当裂纹扩展速度为６００ｍ／ｓ时，鲜明尖区域温度升高达９０℃以上。并导致能量释放率明显的下降，降幅达１２％，因此，在分析钢制气体管道裂纹扩展时不能忽略裂尖区域温度升高对动态断裂行为的影响。     

C-Mn钢裂尖区解理断裂行为的研究

对C-Mn钢三点弯曲裂纹试样进行了实验和有限元计算,分析了裂尖断裂行为.研究结果表明在达到某一临界载荷前,裂尖只发生简单的钝化,并且在裂尖前端满足解理断裂三个判据的不同区域是相互分离的.因此形核的裂纹因不能扩展而不能引发解理断裂.随外载荷增加,高于这个临界载荷时,小裂纹在裂尖处形核、扩展,随后被钝化.此时裂尖前端的塑性应变被保留下来,但是三向应力度被释放掉,随后又重新建立,从而使得三个区域相互靠近.在第二个临界载荷下,三个判据都满足的区域相互重叠,解理裂纹形核并扩展.可以在裂纹形核区域和裂纹扩展区域刚要重叠的那一瞬时,决定解理断裂的最小距离.结合解理断裂的三个判据,裂尖断裂行为及由其产生的断裂驱动力参数(εp,σm/σe和σyy)的相应变化为钢的解理断裂在细观上提供了一个完整的物理模型.     

脆性材料斜裂纹断裂与损伤耦合分析

对单向拉伸的斜裂纹,应用西多霍夫损伤模型和断裂力学耦合分析方法,推导出脆性材料斜裂纹损伤区与断裂区的边界方程,确定了脆性材料斜裂纹初始损伤区和断裂区的径向尺寸.提出了裂尖断裂区内径向应变能的概念,并建立了基于此概念上的裂纹扩展准则,即裂尖断裂区内径向最小应变能(RMSE)判据,从而确定了脆性材料斜裂纹在断裂区边界上的开裂角.最后确定了不同裂纹倾角起裂点的坐标.     

准静态下Ⅰ型裂纹的断裂准则与切口圆柱形试件的破损评定研究

本文建立了准静态情况下Ｉ型裂纹的断裂准则，提出了新的表面能概念及其表达式。用材料的应力—应变曲线来表示裂纹尖端塑性区耗散能，并建立了裂尖塑性区耗散能与远场应力和临界裂纹长度的关系，通过试验确定了远场应力与临界裂纹长度的幂函数关系。     

C-Mn钢及焊缝金属的缺口和裂纹试样的微观断裂行为

本文通过起裂源粒子的特征和尺寸分布、裂源处显微组织和残留裂纹的尺寸分布情况,研究了C-Mn钢和两种焊缝金属的Charpy V,COD和预制裂纹冲击试样的微观断裂行为。发现焊缝中的解理裂纹形核于夹杂物或第二相粒子,母材形核于珠光体团;对于同一材料用缺口试样和裂纹试样测得的微观解理断裂应力的不同值是由于断裂过程中临界事件发生了变化。在-45～-65℃范围内,Charpy V 缺口试样中的临界事件是铁素体晶粒尺寸的微裂纹扩展进入铁素体基体;而在-110℃的裂纹试样中,是第二相粒子尺寸的微裂纹扩展进入临近的铁素体晶粒。临界事件的变化认为与缺口根部和裂纹前端不同的有效剪应力有关。建立Charpy V 和COD实验结果之间关系的条件是有关材料铁素体晶粒和第二相粒子的尺寸应当是类似的。     

引入应变循环损伤的材料裂纹扩展行为预测模型

根据循环载荷下的裂尖循环弹塑性应力应变场分析,结合Manson-Coffin经验关系,定义了基于循环塑性区内材料塑性应变幅值的单位平均损伤;根据Miner疲劳线性累积损伤理论,以裂尖扩展方向的循环塑性区尺寸为裂纹裂尖的单位扩展量,提出了基于低周疲劳损伤预测I型裂纹扩展速率的新预测模型.新模型中给出的参数均有明确的物理意义,不需要人为调试.Cr2Ni2MoV和X12CrMoWVNbN 10-1-1两种转子材料的低周疲劳试验结果表明,新模型对这两种材料裂纹扩展速率的预测结果与试验结果吻合良好.利用相关文献中提供的6种材料的低周疲劳性能数据,进一步验证了新模型用于裂纹扩展速率预测的良好适用性.     

钝化预裂纹尖端开裂对应力应变分布的影响

通过对16MnR钢三点弯曲(3PB)预裂纹试样进行实验和有限元计算,分析了裂纹尖端的断裂行为.结果表明,在载荷达到某一临界值时,微裂纹在裂尖处形核、扩展,随后又被钝化,随着载荷的增加,这一个过程一直重复着.在这一过程中,裂尖前端的塑性应变和三向应力度进行重新分布,并且两者达到临界值的位置都向裂尖靠近,随后又都向前移动,但三向应力度比塑性应变移动得快,这使得解理断裂的三个判据逐渐得到满足.     

关于裂纹稳定扩展过程的数值模拟及非线性断裂准则问题

一、前言在文献[1]中,作者曾作出大范围屈服下的静态裂纹分析,但是,中低强度材料的小试样断裂试验表明,在裂纹失稳扩展前常常存在着一个稳定扩展阶段,裂纹稳定扩展的尺寸可与起裂前的塑性区尺寸相比拟,在断裂的这一阶段中,裂纹尖端地区是不断撕裂的,造成了该地区应力应变场的强烈扰动,裂纹尖端附近一部分塑性区发生卸载,以后又重新加载,这时的应力应变场是强烈地依赖于应力历程的,要用数学解析方法解决这一裂纹稳定扩展问题目前显然是不可能的。     

轴承钢GCr15混合型（Ⅰ＋Ⅱ）断裂试验研究

采用紧凑拉伸剪切断裂试样（ＣＴＳ），对轴承钢ＧＣｒ１５进行了（Ⅰ＋Ⅱ）混合型断裂试验。试验结果表明，近似符合双参数ＫⅠＣ，ＫⅡＣ的椭圆规律，裂纹扩展开裂角θ０与裂尖塑性区的形状有关。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to