环境温度及施加电压对自愈式电力电容器温升和温度场分布的影响

自愈式电容器具有无油、低噪声和体积小等优点,尤其适合于城市和清洁能源应用场合。在Fluent 15.0中建立并求解了自愈式电力电容器在400 V交流电压下,环境温度为35℃时的温度场仿真模型。着重分析了外壳和芯子的温度分布,在此基础上分析了环境温度在-25~55℃和承受电压在0.9~1.3倍范围内二者对电容器温度场分布和温升的影响。计算结果表明:不同情况下外壳最高温度均在大侧面,大侧面温度均高于小侧面。随着环境温度的升高电容器最大温升显著减少,随着承受电压值的增加电容器最大温升成快于线性而慢于二次方的速度增大。2种变化范围内电容器最大温升分别在6.86~11.00℃和5.84~10.58℃范围内变化。研究为电容器的运行维护提供了参考。     

含油污泥与煤共热解特性的研究

采用热重分析方法分别对含油污泥、煤及其混合试样在氩气气氛下的热解特性进行了实验研究.分析了含油污泥、煤及其混合燃料的热解机理,通过对实验数据进行处理计算,确定了其表观活化能、频率因子和质量平均活化能等反应动力学参数.实验结果表明:含油污泥与煤的热解过程分为4个阶段,各阶段的热解反应十分复杂;在混合试样的热解过程中,含油污泥与煤在200～700℃基本保持各自的热解特性,在700℃以上发生热解的协同作用,含油污泥-煤混合燃料热解温度范围增大;各试样热解反应表观活化能计算结果与上述结论吻合;混合试样的质量平均活化能比含油污泥和煤单一组分的都低,含油污泥与煤的混合热解在一定程度上形成了2种组分的互补和促进,获得了一种热解性能更好的燃料.     

Kinetics of thermal decomposition of hydrated minerals associated with hematite ore in a fluidized bed reactor

The kinetics of removal of loss on ignition (LOI) by thermal decomposition of hydrated minerals present in natural iron ores (i.e., kaolinite, gibbsite, and goethite) was investigated in a laboratory-scale vertical fluidized bed reactor (FBR) using isothermal methods of kinetic analysis. Experiments in the FBR in batch processes were carried out at different temperatures (300 to 1200℃) and residence time (1 to 30 min) for four different iron ore samples with various LOIs (2.34wt% to 9.83wt%). The operating velocity was maintained in the range from 1.2 to 1.4 times the minimum fluidization velocity (U_mf). We observed that, below a certain critical temperature, the FBR did not effectively reduce the LOI to a desired level even with increased residence time. The results of this study indicate that the LOI level could be reduced by 90% within 1 min of residence time at 1100℃. The kinetics for low-LOI samples (<6wt%) indicates two different reaction mechanisms in two temperature regimes. At lower temperatures (300 to 700℃), the kinetics is characterized by a lower activation energy (diffusion-controlled physical moisture removal), followed by a higher activation energy (chemically controlled removal of LOI). In the case of high-LOI samples, three different kinetics mechanisms prevail at different temperature regimes. At temperature up to 450℃, diffusion kinetics prevails (removal of physical moisture); at temperature from 450 to 650℃, chemical kinetics dominates during removal of matrix moisture. At temperatures greater than 650℃, nucleation and growth begins to influence the rate of removal of LOI.     

Isothermal Kinetics of the Pentlandite Exsolution from mss/Pyrrhotite Using Model-Free Method

Introduction Pyrrhotite(Fe,Ni)1?xS and pentlandite(Fe,Ni)9S8areimportant constituents of primary nickel sulfide oredeposits.Pentlandite is invariably associated with pyr-rhotite.At high temperatures(above610℃)(Fe,Ni)1?xS has the NiAs structure and is kno…     

K2CO3 catalysis on the reactivity of top charged coke and stamp charged coke

The catalysis of K₂CO₃ on the reactivity of top charged coke and stamp charged coke from Pansteel in China was studied. The coke reaction index of the stamp charged coke was 1%–2% higher than that of the top charged coke. Under the catalysis of K₂CO₃, the coke reaction index of both cokes approximately increased by 4%, 6%, 10% and 6% at 900, 1000, 1100 and 1200°C, respectively. The reactivity of the K-enriched stamp charged coke was 1%–2% higher than that of the K-enriched top charged coke below 1100°C. However, only negligible differences were found in the temperature zone between 1100 and 1200°C. Scanning electron microscopy images illustrated that pores in the top charged coke were smaller and equally distributed, while relatively more big pores exist non-homogenously in stamp charged coke. Due to the different processes in production, the stamp charged coke was more porous and most of the pores tended to be applanate. Cracks were observed in the microstructure of the stamp charged coke during the carbon solution reaction, implying the inferior quality of the stamp charged coke to the top charged coke at high temperature. Diffusion of K during the carbon solution reaction was studied by the energy dispersive spectrometry. It is found that K gradually spreads into the center of lumpy coke with the rising of temperature and is equally distributed on the edges of pores at 1200°C. Besides, oxidation reactions of functional groups become faster with the catalysis of K.content     

Magnetic and dielectric properties of low temperature fired ferrite/ceramic composite materials

The self-interstitial atoms in silicon generated by the bulk surface oxidation diffuse into the bulk inside and affect the phenomena such as the diffusions and the stacking faults.The generation rate of self-interstitials(R_(gen)) depends on theωpower of the oxidation film growth rate dX_0/dt.The physical quantityωis important to understand the material science relevant to self-interstitials in the silicon crystal.However,the conclusiveωvalue is not reported,although variousωvalues to control the generat...     

Novel sintering behavior of polystyrene nano-latex particles in filming process

Filming process of polystyrene nano-latex (NPS) particles was studied by a combination of various methods. For a constant annealing time of 1 h, the AFM images showed that the deformation and sintering temperatures for NPS particles were ca. 90℃ and 100℃ respectively. In spin-lattice relaxation measurements of solid state NMR, it is found that T_1L, T_1S and I_1L/I₀ increased significantly after annealing at 90℃ and above. DSC results showed that there was an exothermic peak near T_g after annealing for 1 h at the selected temperatures below 95℃; otherwise, the exothermic peak disappeared after annealing at 100℃ or above. The apparent density of NPS increased suddenly in the temperature range. The results implied that the macromolecules in NPS particles are in a confined state with higher conformational energy and less cohensional interactions which are the drive force for the sintering at a lower temperature compared with the multichain PS particles and the bulk polymer.     

养护温度对LiNO3抑制碱硅酸反应及其膨胀的影响

研究了38℃和60℃下石英玻璃在掺LiNO_3的Na OH溶液中碱硅酸反应过程,采用酸化处理法确定体系中SiO_2分布,采用等离子发射光谱(ICP)分析溶液中Na、Si和Li元素浓度变化,采用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征反应产物的组成和形貌;并检测了38℃和80℃湿气养护下掺LiNO_3的沸石化珍珠岩混凝土微柱的膨胀性。结果表明:加入LiNO_3降低了溶液中石英玻璃的溶蚀率和SiO_2的溶解度,减缓了ASR的反应速率;不同养护温度下形成的含锂产物不同,提高温度有利于Li_2SiO_3晶体的形成。对于混凝土微柱,掺锂试件早期抑制效果良好,后期仍膨胀;相同锂掺量下80℃湿气养护的试件膨胀率却明显低于38℃时的膨胀率。可见,高温养护下LiNO_3抑制ASR膨胀的效果不能很好地评价在低温下的作用效果。     

矩形渡槽设计坡度与冬季水温变化关系预测

为了预测矩形渡槽坡度与水温的变化关系,避免渡槽在冬季输水期出现冰害现象。以西北地区某渡槽工程为背景,利用稳态热传导理论,采用Ansys Workbench软件建立三维有限元模型,利用牛顿冷却公式、对流换热公式以及曼宁公式进行计算。得出结论：（1）当流量不变时,水温随坡度的变化而变化,当坡度达到1/1100时,水流出口温度到达最小值,在设计时应当避免。（2）当水深不变,坡度减小2.4倍时,水温下降值增大约1.6倍,可以看出,坡度变化对水温的影响比较明显。当水深为1.5m,环境温度为-17℃,设计坡度为1/1300时,水流出口温度低于0℃;环境温度为-25℃,设计坡度小于等于1/750时,水流出口温度低于0℃,因此在渡槽设计时,应结合修建地区的输水流量或水深来设计最优坡度。     

Phase transformation and reduction kinetics during the hydrogen reduction of ilmenite concentrate

The reduction of ilmenite concentrate by hydrogen gas was investigated in the temperature range of 500 to 1200℃. The microstructure and phase transition of the reduction products were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and optical microscopy (OM). It was found that the weight loss and iron metallization rate increased with the increase of reduction temperature and reaction time. The iron metallization rate could reach 87.5% when the sample was reduced at 1150℃ for 80 min. The final phase constituents mainly consist of Fe, M₃O₅ solid solution phase (M=Mg, Ti, and Fe), and few titanium oxide. Microstructure analysis shows that the surfaces of the reduction products have many holes and cracks and the reactions take place from the exterior of the grain to its interior. The kinetics of reduction indicates that the rate-controlling step is diffusion process control with the activation energy of 89 kJ·mol-1.     

Synthesis of antiferroelectric (Bi0.534Na0.5)0.94Ba0.06TiO3 ceramics with high phase transition temperature and broad temperature range by a solid-state reaction method

Antiferroelectric 0.94(Bi 0.534 Na 0.5 )TiO 3 -0.06BaTiO 3 ceramics were prepared using a solid-state reaction method, involving the addition of excessive amounts of Bi2O3 . The resulting ceramics featured a very high phase transition temperature (Tm～330°C), from the antiferroelectric to the paraelectric phase, and a low depolarization temperature (Td<25°C). The broad temperature range, within which antiferroelectric properties are retained, of the prepared materials indicates their higher potential over lead-based antiferroelectric ceramics such as PZT-based materials that exhibit a lower T m ≤170°C. The lower Td and higher T m obtained val- ues, relative to those reported in the literature, are believed to be due to the formation of A-site vacancies originating from the incorporation of excess Bi into the perovskite structure of the studied sample. In addition, the synthesized sample shows a high dielectric constant of ～1460, in a temperature range of 50-150°C at 1 kHz, and a high energy storage density of 0.71 J/cm 3 , which is an asset in energy storage capacitor applications.     

Heat driven refrigeration cycle at low temperatures

Absorption refrigeration cycle can be driven by low-grade thermal energy, such as solar energy, geothermal energy and waste heat. It is beneficial to save energy and protect environment. However, the applications of traditional absorption refrigeration cycle are greatly restricted because they cannot achieve low refrigeration temperature. A new absorption refrigeration cycle is investigated in this paper, which is driven by low-grade energy and can get deep low refrigeration temperature. The mixture refrigerant R23 R134a and an absorbent DMF are used as its working fluid. The theoretical results indicate that the new cyde can achieve -62℃ refrigeration temperature when the generation temperature is only 160℃. This refrigeration temperature is much lower than that obtained by traditional absorption refrigeration cycle. Refrigeration temperature of -47.3℃ has been successfully achieved by experiment for this new cycle at the generation temperature of 157~C, which is the lowest temperature obtained by absorption refrigeration system reported in the literature up to now. The theoretical and experimental results prove that new cycle can achieve rather low refrigeration temperature.     

Pretreatment of biomass by torrefaction

Agricultural biomass has some drawbacks such as high moisture content, low energy density and wide distribution and as a result, the cost of transport and storage are high. Moreover, raw biomass has poor grindability so its use in a pulverized boiler or entrained flow gasifier is difficult. Torrefaction is a mild pyrolysis process carried out at temperatures ranging from 200°C to 300°C to deal with these problems. The cotton stalk and wheat straw were torrefied in a fix-bed reactor at moderate temperatures (200°C, 230°C, 250°C, 270°C and 300°C) under N₂ for 30 min. The biomass chars after torrefaction had higher energy density and improved grindability characteristics compared with raw biomass and they also showed hydrophobic characteristics. The volatiles consist of a condensable fraction and a non-condensable fraction. The former mainly contained water and tar (organic products but mainly acetic acid). The non-condensable products are typically comprised of CO₂, CO and a small amount of CH₄ and even trace H₂. The volatiles increased with an increase in the torrefaction temperature but the solid yield and the energy yield decreased. However, the grindability and energy density of the biomass char showed great improvement. A kinetic study on the generation of the main non-condensable gases was undertaken and we conclude that the gases are formed by parallel independent first-order reactions. Characteristic kinetic parameters for the generation of each gas were determined.     

Hot compression deformation behavior of AISI 321 austenitic stainless steel

The hot compression behavior of AISI 321 austenitic stainless steel was studied at the temperatures of 950–1100℃ and the strain rates of 0.01–1 s?1 using a Baehr DIL-805 deformation dilatometer. The hot deformation equations and the relationship between hot deformation parameters were obtained. It is found that strain rate and deformation temperature significantly influence the flow stress behavior of the steel. The work hardening rate and the peak value of flow stress increase with the decrease of deformation temperature and the increase of strain rate. In addition, the activation energy of deformation (Q) is calculated as 433.343 kJ/mol. The microstructural evolution during deformation indicates that, at the temperature of 950℃ and the strain rate of 0.01 s?1, small circle-like precipitates form along grain boundaries; but at the temperatures above 950℃, the dissolution of such precipitates occurs. Energy-dispersive X-ray analyses indicate that the precipitates are complex carbides of Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Ti.     

夏威夷果壳热解特性实验研究

夏威夷果壳是一种农产品加工剩余物,随意处理会造成资源的极大浪费。采用同步热分析仪和红外光谱仪对夏威夷果壳的热解过程进行了研究,使用Coats-Redfern法计算了热解动力学。实验结果表明:夏威夷果壳的挥发分(78.67%)、木质素(42.81%)和C元素(47.45%)含量均较高,其主热解温度区间在275～410℃,热解总失重率为76.31%。随着升温速率的增加,热解反应的活化能和频率因子均增大,分别由58.737 kJ·mol~(-1)、11.689 min~(-1)增加到59.796 kJ·mol~(-1)、43.773 min~(-1),线性拟合系数均在0.99以上。傅里叶红外光谱仪对果壳热解固体产物进行了红外光谱分析,实验还表明夏威夷果壳的热解温度区间在300～500℃,热解过程主要是纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的解聚,与热重分析结果相一致。     

Low temperature spark plasma sintering of TC4/HA composites

Ti6Al4V/hydroxyapatite composites(TC4/HA) have been prepared by high energy ball milling and low temperature spark plasma sintering at 600 °C, 550 °C, 500 °C and 450 °C, respectively. The sintering temperature of the composites was sharply decreased as the result of the activation and sur fi cial modi fi cation effects induced from high energy ball milling. The decomposition and reaction of hydroxyapatite was successfully avoided, which offers the composites superior biocompatibility. The hydroxyapatite in the composites was distributed in gap uniformly, and formed an ideal network structure. The lowest hardness, compressive strength and Young's modulus of the composites satisfy the requirements of human bone.     

Zr-pillared montmoril lonite supported cobalt nanoparticles for Fischer – Tropsch synthesis

In this article Fischer–Tropsch(FT) synthesis was studied over cobalt nanoparticles supported on modifed Montmorillonite(Zr-PILC).Co-loaded/Zr-PILC catalysts were synthesized by hydrothermal methods and were characterized by XRD,XRF,BET,H2-TPR,TGA and SEM techniques.FT reactions were carried out in fxed bed microreactor(T 225 1C,260 1C and 275 1C,P 1,5 and 10 bars).The FT-products obtained over Co-loaded/Zr-PILC catalysts showed increased selectivity of C2–C12hydrocarbons and decreased selectivity towards CH4and higher molecular weight hydrocarbons(C21) at a TOS of 2–30 h as compared to the Co-loaded/NaMMT catalysts.With increase in reaction temperature from225 1C to 275 1C,CO-conversion and CH4selectivity increases while that of C5+hydrocarbons decreases.Decrease in CH4selectivity while increase in C5+hydrocarbons and CO-conversion were observed on increasing the pressure of reaction.     

Vp of muscovite-biotite gneiss up to 950℃ at 400 MPa: Constraints on the origin of abnormal seismic layers in continental crust

Here we present experimental results of compressional wave velocity (Vp) of muscovite-biotite gneiss from Higher Himalayan Crystallines (HHC) at the temperature up to 950℃ and the pressure of 0.1―400 MPa. At 400 MPa, when the temperature is lower than 600℃, Vp decreases linearly with increasing temperature at the rate of (Vp/T)p -4.43×10-4 km/s ℃. In the temperature range of 600―800℃, Vp drops significantly and the signal is degraded gradually due to the dehydration of muscovite and α-quartz softening. When the temperature rises from 800℃ to 875℃, Vp increases and the signals become clear again as a result of the temperature going through the β-quartz range. The experiments indicate that the duration has great influence on the experimental results when temperature is above the dehydration point of biotite. During the first 30 h at 950℃, the Vp decreases substantially from 5.9 to 5.4 km/s and the signal amplitude is attenuated by more than 80%. After the 30-h transition, the Vp and the amplitude of ultrasonic wave signals become steady. The decrease of Vp and attenuation of the signals at 950℃ are associated with the breakdown reactions of biotite. The experiments suggest that the breakdown of muscovite and/or quartz softening can contribute to the low seismic wave velocity in thickened quartz-rich felsic-crust such as what is beneath southern Tibet. Additionally, α-β quartz transition generates a measurable high seismic velocity zone, which provides a possibility of precisely constraining the temperature in the upper-middle continental crust. Our study also demonstrates that duration is a key factor to obtain credible experimental results.     

High-temperature mechanical properties and deformation behavior of high Nb containing TiAl alloys fabricated by spark plasma sintering

A high Nb containing TiAl alloy was prepared from the pre-alloyed powder of Ti-45Al-8.5Nb-0.2B-0.2W-0.02Y (at%) by spark plasma sintering (SPS). Its high-temperature mechanical properties and compressive deformation behavior were investigated in a temperature range of 700 to 1050℃ and a strain rate range of 0.002 to 0.2 s-1. The results show that the high-temperature mechanical properties of the high Nb containing TiAl alloy are sensitive to deformation temperature and strain rate, and the sensitivity to strain rate tends to rise with the deformation temperature increasing. The hot workability of the alloy is good at temperatures higher than 900℃, while fracture occurs at lower temperatures. The flow curves of the samples compressed at or above 900℃ exhibit obvious flow softening after the peak stress. Under the deformation condition of 900-1050℃ and 0.002-0.2 s-1, the interrelations of peak flow stress, strain rate, and deformation temperature follow the Arrhenius' equation modified by a hyperbolic sine function with a stress exponent of 5.99 and an apparent activation energy of 441.2 kJ·mol-1.     

Effect of CuO addition on the sintering temperature and microwave dielectric properties of CaSiO3– Al2O3 ceramics

CuO-doped CaSiO3–1 wt% Al2O3 ceramics were synthesized via a traditional solid-state reaction method, and their sintering behavior,microstructure and microwave dielectric properties were investigated. The results showed that appropriate CuO addition could accelerate the sintering process and assist the densification of CaSiO3–1 wt% Al2O3 ceramics, which could effectively lower the densification temperature from1250 1C to 1050 1C. However, the addition of CuO undermined the microwave dielectric properties. The optimal amount of CuO addition was found to be 0.8 wt%, and the derived CaSiO3–Al2O3ceramic sintered at 1100 1C presented good microwave dielectric properties of εr?7.27,Q f?16,850 GHz and τf? 39.53 ppm/1C, which is much better than those of pure CaSiO3 ceramic sintered at 1340oC(Q f?13,109 GHz).The chemical compatibility of the above ceramic with 30 Pd/70 Ag during the cofiring process has also been investigated, and the result showed that there was no chemical reaction between palladium–silver alloys and ceramics.& 2014 Chinese Materials Research Society. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.