R ＆ D STRATEGIC INVESTMENT IN AN ASYMMETRICAL CASE

This article analyzes R ＆ D investment decisions in an asymmetrical case. The investment decisions share three important characteristics. First, the investment is completely irreversible. Second, there are two kinds of uncertainties over the future returns from the investment and over technology in R ＆ D process, respectively. Third, there is strategic competition in the asymmetrical case. This article presents the optimal investment threshold values and the optimal investment rule of high-efficient firm （leader）, and shows that the investment threshold values are reduced by competition of two firms. Finally, the mixed investment strategies for two firms, the probability that each firm separately exercises the option to invest, and the probability that two firms simultaneously exercise the option are given in the paper.     

IT APPLICATIONS PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT UNDER BUSINESS AND IMPLEMENTATION UNCERTAINTY

Corporations need to improve business processes in order to enhance velocity and service levels while reducing their processing costs and differentiating themselves in the face of competition. The levitation of importance beyond support roles has raised IT investment decisions to high priority in chief executive officers＇ agendas. Corporate planning groups as well as lines of business are increasingly applying techniques of IT applications portfolio management in a more systematic fashion to improve decision-making and resource-allocation processes.
Recent advances in software engineering and IT service delivery methodologies have achieved the logical separation of business functions from implementation. This separation has made a new breed of innovative IT project possible with a new project risk structure; the adjustment of portfolio management techniques is appropriate. We present an integrated portfolio management model so that the corporation can focus on organic growth through sources at both the department and top management levels. The research gives clear advice as to how top management can seek economic growth by selecting an entrepreneurial strategic posture, implying a strong risk-taking propensity. By integrating a risk-return model and risk-tolerance paradigm to cope with today＇s risk structure, overall capabilities can improve the decision process and the corporation＇s performance as well. The application of the integrated technique to a Japanese manufacturing firm is described.     

Government policies and corporate financing decisions in China: Theory and evidence

This paper examines the effect of government policies on the financing decisions of firms in China. A real options model is developed to understand how fiscal and monetary policies affect corporate leverage.The model predictions will be tested with a comprehensive panel data set spanning from 2002 to 2011.This work documents robust evidence that show the positive association of both tax and risk-free rate with firm leverage:increase in tax rate and risk free rate by one standard deviation results in the increase in corporate leverages by 0.61 to 1.06 percent and 2.54 to 3.68 percent,respectively.In addition,the productions of the firms are not affected by the tax rate in the short run,and the firms are operating in their optimal market leverage.The implied tax rate and risk free rate are solved by assuming that the firms achieve their optimal leverages.The implied tax rate declines with the size, whereas the opposite goes for implied risk-free rate.     

COMPETITIVE INVESTMENT STRATEGIES IN ADOPTION OF NEW TECHNOLOGY WITH A FURTHER NEW TECHNOLOGY ANTICIPATED

In dynamic uncertain environments, the investment timing of the firm about adopting the existing new technology is influenced by the rival's actions and technological progress. This paper employs option games approach to present a simplified duopoly continuous time model of technology adoption. In the model, the irreversible investment in adoption of the existing new technology is in strategic competitive circumstances and facing the threat of a further new technology after the competition setting is established. The purpose of the paper is to examine the effect of technological displacement on firms' strategic investment. The results show that rapid displacement of the technology encourages the leader's investment and discourages the follower's investment. Comparing with the optimal timing without the expectation of a further new technology, the firm hastens to invest when no firm has invested; however, once one firm has invested first, the firm will delay its investment. Using mixed strategy analysis,     

SCHEDULING TWO GROUPS OF JOBS WITH INCOMPLETE INFORMATION

In real world situations, most scheduling problems occur neither as complete off-line nor ascomplete on-line models. Most likely a problem arises as an on-line model with some partialinformation. In this article, we consider such a model. We study the scheduling problem P(n_1,n_2),where two groups of jobs are to be scheduled. The first job group is available beforehand. As soon asall jobs in the first group are assigned, the second job group appears. The objective is to minimize thelongest job completion time(makespan). We show a lower bound of 3/2 even for very special cases.Best possible algorithms are presented for a number of cases. Furthermore, a heuristic is proposed forthe general case. The main contribution of this paper is to discuss the impact of the quantity ofavailable information in designing an on-line algorithm. It is interesting to note that the absence ofeven a little bit information may significantly affect the performance of an algorithm.     

Venture-backed Firms Valuation：a Real Option Approach

Venture capital financing decisions are usually made based on the valuation of the venture-backed firms, for which a compound real options valuation model with two stochastic parameters is built in this paper. A numerical example is then used to illustrate that the model gives a more accurate and reliable result than the traditional discount cash flow valuation model.     

A Research on Path Optimization for Business Structure of Chinese Investment Banks

Chinese investment banks, as a part of the financial market, play an important role in the development of the national economy. With the development of financial market after China＇s entry into WTO, the investment banks confront with immensely international competition. Meanwhile, Chinese investment banks are facing with problems such as elementary business structure, small capitalization and faultiness of governance, which lead to their less competitive power. This article conducts research from the perspective of path optimization of business structure of investment banks. Through economic analysis of path optimization of business structure, we conclude path optimization of business structure of domestic investment banks will lay a solid foundation for enhancing their competitive power. Whereafter this article constructs optimized path for business structure of Chinese investment banks and analyzes the influence factors of the optimized path. At last, this article advises on how to enhance the business structure of Chinese investment banks.     

Information structures and pricing decisions in competing supply chains

The paper investigates the pricing decisions of two competing supply chains under the different information structures. Each retailer has private information about the market demand and has the right to decide whether or not to share the information with the manufacturer. Three demand-information structures, i.e., information sharing in both supply chains, information sharing in only one supply chain and information sharing in neither supply chain, are considered. We investigate the value of information by comparing the information structures, and find that the information value not only works in the channel directly, but also does in the competing channel indirectly. Information sharing in a supply chain always benefits its manufacturer, but hurts its retailer; while it benefits both the manufacturer and the retailer of competing supply chain, regardless of whether this competing supply chain has information sharing. From the perspective of channel, when the competition is more intense, information sharing in a supply chain makes this supply chain better off, and when the competition is less intense, the information sharing in a supply chain makes this supply chain worse off. However, it always makes the competing supply chain better off regardless of whether the competing supply chain has information sharing.     

不完全信息条件下企业R&D 最优投资时机的期权博弈分析

运用实物期权与博弈论相结合的方法,研究在不确定的竞争环境和不完全信息条件下企业R&D投资的最优时机.通过假设企业不知道竞争对手的抢先投资临界值但知道其概率分布引入不完全信息.研究表明,不完全信息减缓了竞争对企业R&D投资等待期权价值的侵蚀,从而延缓了企业的R&D投资.企业R&D投资的最优时机取决于企业对竞争对手抢先投资危险率的推测,危险率越高,投资越早.     

不确定条件下双头垄断期权博弈

期权博弈理论是实物期权和博弈论相结合的产物,它具有极大的应用潜力。期权博弈模型不仅考虑了投资决策关键因素,同时在模型中还着重分析了双方竞争应用的策略及可能出现的纳什均衡解。研究了不确定性条件下的对称双头垄断期权博弈模型,仿真计算并用图形说明了有关参数的改变对公司价值的影响,推导了两种方法计算领导者和跟随者公司的价值和临界值,讨论了非限制合作下纳什均衡解和解存在的条件与假设。讨论的观点结论对于研究我国当前市场经济条件下不确定投资问题具有理论实践指导意义。     

部分信息实物投资的消费效用无差别定价

运用滤波理论,随机控制理论和消费效用无差别定价原理,建立基于部分信息的非完备市场有对冲机会的实物投资回报一次性支付的期权定价模型.通过求解具有自由边界条件的高维偏微分方程,推导出期权的隐含价值和投资最优执行边界,确定了投资,消费及资产分配的最优决策,并详细讨论了投资回报波动风险,平均回报率估计偏差风险以及资产相关系数对实物期权的隐含价值以及隐含信息价值的影响.模型和结论对实物投资项目的估值和资产管理具有一定参考价值.     

信贷资金约束下外资银行独立进入及网点投资

外资银行网点少吸收的存款不足，这导致其贷款受到资金约束. 基于此，论文建立资金约束下的信贷竞争模型和网点序贯投资的实物期权模型，研究银行网点数对竞争的影响以及考察外资银行网点投资的特征. 结果表明：1）银行网点投资加剧竞争，这导致银行网点投资的边际利润下降，削弱了银行利润上升趋势；2）竞争对手网点较多时银行网点投资的边际利润较少，但大的市场规模和高质量的信贷市场质量会缓解上述影响；3）外资银行期权价值等于未来网点投资期权价值的总和，投资新网点时，部分期权价值转化为利润流价值；4）网点投资边际利润小时转化为利润流的期权价值小，由于网点投资边际利润逐渐下降，银行投资难度逐渐增加.     

竞争机制下风险投资机构间决策的博弈分析

竞争机制的条件下,风险投资机构的投资决策不仅仅受到投资项目的影响,更是受到竞争对手的影响.本文运用实物期权方法,从风险投资机构的角度估计了风险企业投资机会的价值.然后运用博弈论的相关理论,研究在风险投资家机构不止一家情况时,他们之间在投资的过程中的相互影响.通过建立博弈模型,得出了博弈的纳什均衡,提出了在风险投资机构在进行投资时,应该联合投资以利于分散风险和增加投资机构收益.     

信息安全投资的演化博弈分析

针对现实世界中信息安全投资主体只具有有限理性的实际情况,本文尝试利用演化博弈论分析企业组织的信息安全投资问题.根据得益矩阵建立信息安全投资的演化博弈模型,利用复制动态分析了三种情况下的进化稳定策略.分析结果显示出投资成本是组织策略选择的关键,预测了信息安全投资的长期稳定趋势,为组织的信息安全投资提供了有益的指导.     

企业模块创新进入

模块化系统中模块投资的重要决策变量是投资试验次数（即设计方案的多少），投资试验次数越多获得高性能模块的可 能性越高，但成本亦愈大. 基于实物期权方法，分别对完全垄断企业和进入竞争市场的 企业模块创新投资决策行为进行研究. 研究结论表明：1）无论是完全垄断模块投资还是 进入竞争市场的模块投资，在根据不同市场规模所得到的一系列最优投资试验次数中，都存 在一个最小的最优试验次数，其对应的投资门槛值是模块投资真正的“投资门槛值”；2）模块技术潜力在完全垄断投资中不会影响最小最优试验次数和“投资门槛值”，但在新进入 企业进入竞争市场的模块投资中却会影响；3）市场规模和模块技术潜力越大、已有 模块性能和试验成本越低，新进入企业投资的模块的性能将倾向高于在位企业模块性能.     

不完全信息下的专利投资

外部随机发生的事件中蕴含着专利未来前景的不完全信息,这些信息会影响企业的专利投资决策.考虑不完全信息和竞争,建立实物期权投资决策模型,分别得到了单个企业和双寡头企业投资专利所需的临界信念,并进一步分析了两对称企业竞买同一个专利可能出现的均衡类型及产生条件.结果表明,竞争的力量和专利固有的"赢者通吃"特性不仅使得投资所需临界信念降低,由领导者投资后所产生的信息披露效应从而带给追随者的后发优势也将不复存在;同时,出现错误投资决策的概率也随之增大;企业间的竞争均衡可能会出现占先均衡和同时投资均衡.     

协作研发投资的柔性价值:基于实物期权视角

在多阶段研发投资的情况下,研发的评价方法及其价值如何确定?实践表明目前应用最广泛的投资评价方法NPV法不适应对R＆D投资的评估,利用实物期权方法来评价研发投资是现在研究的热点。本文根据实物期权理论建立精确的模型来计算协作研发的期权价值,并比较不同因素对柔性价值的影响。     

平行复合实物期权的定价研究

借助随机动态规划方法建立了多阶段平行复合实物期权的定价模型,对平行复合实物期权的定价模型进行了探讨,进而对含有平行复合实物期权的投资项目价值进行评价得出:随机动态规划方法是对以一个投资项目为标的资产的平行复合实物期权进行定价的有效工具.