短枝木麻黄地理种源遗传多样性的RAPD分析

利用RAPD分子标记对35个短枝木麻黄（Casuarina equise fifolia）种源的遗传多样性和亲缘关系进行了分析．15个随机引物共扩增了出201条DNA带．其中148条为多态性带，占73．63％．平均每个引物扩增出9．9条多态性带．种源的Shannon’s多样性指数为0．4354，Nei’s基因多样度为0．2884，表明短枝木麻黄种源的遗传多样性水平较高．35个种源彼此的遗传距离在0．0884～0．7539之间，平均0．4045．经过UPGMA聚类分析将35个种源划分为A、B、C、D、E、F6个类群。其中A群5个种源，B群17个种源，C群4个种源．D群2个种源，E群1个种源．F群6个种源．     

山西三个地区短额负蝗的RAPD分析

采用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术对山西短额负蝗3个种群(繁峙、原平和太原)45个个体进行扩增，10条随机引物扩增共产生了125条带，多态性片段为121条，种间共有片段为5条．Nei’s基因多样性指数对RAPD数据的分析表明：种群间的遗传分化系数为0．2206，22．06％的遗传变异存在于种群间，用NJ法和UPGMA法对这三个种群的Nei’s遗传距离作聚类分析，结果显示：原平种群和繁峙种群遗传分化较小，太原种群与它们的遗传分化较大，由Nei’s遗传一致度和遗传距离可以看出，繁峙种群和原平种群的遗传距离最小为0．0852，它们与太原种群的遗传距离较远，结果表明短额负蝗不同种群的遗传分化程度与遗传距离和地理距离呈正相关。     

滩羊体大品系遗传标记的研究

采用RAPD(Rondom Amplified Polymorphic DNA)技术,利用混合基因池(DNA pool)法,对滩羊体大品系、普通品系进行了DNA多态性分析,从100种具有10个碱基的随机引物中,筛选出84种引物在滩羊群体基因组中共扩增出358条带,其中22种引物的扩增产物表现为多态(占22％),且扩增出32条有差异的条带,占总带数的8.94％;62种引物的扩增产物表现为单态(占62％)。滩羊体大品系的特异性条带有5条,而普通品系的特异性条带有7条,这些特异标记可以用来鉴定滩羊的两个品系;滩羊体大品系与普通品系间的遗传距离为0.136±0.087,表明两品系之间的亲缘关系很近。     

苔藓植物RAPD应体系的建立及遗传多样性分析

以多枝青藓为材料优化RAPD反应条件,在此基础上对11种苔藓植物进行遗传多样性分析.结果表明:苔藓植物RAPD反应(25μl体系)的最佳条件为,Taq酶,1.0U;Mg2+浓度,2.0 mmol/L;dNTP浓度,0.2 mmol/L;模板DNA,60 ng;引物浓度,10 pmol.用40条引物进行扩增筛选,有6条引物扩增条带清晰,重复性好,共扩增出77条带.通过SPSS11.5分析软件对扩增结果进行聚类分析,结果与形态学分类基本一致,说明RAPD技术可用于苔藓植物的遗传多样性研究.     

飞蝗五个自然种群的遗传分化研究

采用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术检测飞蝗Locusta migratoria（Linnaeus）2个亚种5个种群的遗传多样性，11个随机引物扩增共产生了163条带，其中多态性片段为156条．Shannon信息指数和Nei’S指数对RAPD数据的分析表明：东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis（Meyen）不同种群存在较高的遗传多样性；同时，东亚飞蝗种群间出现一定程度的遗传分化，遗传分化系数分别为36．09％和33．85％．用UPGMA对Nei’S遗传距离作聚类分析，结果表明：东亚飞蝗不同种群的亲缘关系较近，而它们与亚洲飞蝗Locusta migratoria migratoria（Linnaeus）关系较远．由Nei’S遗传一致度和遗传距离可以看出，东亚飞蝗不同种群间的遗传距离均小于东亚飞蝗与亚洲飞蝗之间的遗传距离．由Mantel软件检验得出地理距离和遗传距离的相关性系数r〈0．7，表明这5个种群亲缘关系的远近与地理距离无相关性．同时，还结合等位酶种群遗传结构研究结果综合分析了上述东亚飞蝗4种群的遗传多样性及其分化，表明RAPD可检测出更高水平的遗传多样性．     

葡萄的随机扩增多态性DNA研究

采用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)对11个样品进行了研究．这11个品种包含1个欧美杂交种，一个中国野生种(Vitis．piasezkii Var．pagnucii)，9个欧亚种(Vitis．vinifera L)．选择了多态性好的7个10碱基寡聚糖核苷酸作为随机扩增的引物，在琼脂糖凝胶电泳上产生了76条带，其中63条具有多态性．各引物产生的条带从6到13不等，平均为10．86条／模板，其中9条具有多态性，表明葡萄基因的多态性十分丰富．通过遗传相似性分析表明11个葡萄基因的Nei氏相似性系数分布为0．1027-1．1787，平均相似系数为0．459．通过非加权算术平均数聚类法，获得了11个葡萄品种之间的遗传关系树图，欧亚种群，东亚种群和欧美杂种在遗传关系树图上被成功地聚为3组．本实验发现欧亚种和欧美杂种亲缘关系较近，而和中国野生种亲缘关系远．在欧亚种中，520A和S04的遗传距离最近，其次是井川1010和美人指，最大的遗传距离发生在桑无核和其他欧亚种之间．     

大蒜种质资源遗传多样性的分子标记研究

本研究利用RAPD和ISSR两种分子标记技术．对中国10个不同地区的大蒜品种进行了种质资源遗传多样性研究．从30个RAPD引物当中．筛选出11个具有多态性的引物．共扩增出多态性带224条．多态性条带比率为41．18％．从12个ISSR引物中筛选出5个具多态性的ISSR引物．共扩增出多态性带121条．多态性条带比率为50．21％．对RAPD和ISSR两种标记分别运用Nei指数法．计算出10个大蒜品种的平均遗传距离为0．28和0．32．根据这两种标记的结果．采用UPGMA进行聚类分析，得到与生物学分类地位基本一致的结果．结果表明，在实验稳定性上．ISSR优于RAPD．且ISSR比RAPD能检测到更多的遗传变异．RAPD和ISSR两种标记可用于大蒜种质遗传多样性的研究．     

中国4个两性生殖卤虫品系的ISSR指纹分析

根据微卫星DNA序列设计了10种ISSR引物，对中国4个两性生殖卤虫品系的亲缘关系进行了分析．用10种ISSR引物对卤虫基因组DNA进行扩增，共获得188条清晰稳定的条带，75个基因座位，其中有99条多态性片段，53个多态性座位，片段长度在2000-150bp之间．聚类分析结果表明：3个内蒙品系卤虫亲缘关系较近，当遗传相似系数为0．5333时，明显把来自内蒙古和西藏的卤虫分为2个类群．     

优质红锥种源遗传多样性的RAPD分析

采用从100个随机引物中筛选出的30个有效引物，利用RAPD技术对不同地区的10个不同生态型优质红锥种源进行遗传多样性研究．结果表明：（1）30个有效引物共扩增出290条清晰谱带，平均每个引物扩增出9．67条带．多态性条带为254条，比率为87．59％；（2）10个不同生态型红锥之间的遗传相似系数介于0．5946～0．7148之间，但不同地区红锥也存在着一定的遗传差异（遗传差异在0．2852～0.4054）；（3）用引物S3扩增出的带谱可在一次实验中区别10种不同生态地区的优质红锥，同时S3也可作为10种优质红锥材料的指纹图谱，鉴定优质红锥的种源；（4）聚类分析表明，10种优质红锥种源可聚成3个独立的类群．本文作者对它们的亲缘关系进行了推测．     

果蝇突变体的RAPD分析

采用RAPD技术对遗传学模式生物——果蝇的野生型及7种突变体的遗传差异进行比较研究．结果表明,所选用的37种RAPD引物中,有25种引物扩增谱带清晰,扩增总片断284条,单个引物的扩增片段数为6～15条,平均为11．36条．不同果蝇品种间的遗传差异较小,遗传距离（D）为0．0334～0．2089．根据D值,由UPGMA聚类分析绘制了它们的分子进化树。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.