飞蝗两种群羧酸酯酶及谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性与马拉硫磷敏感性关系的研究

对飞蝗天津北大港种群及河北沧州种群进行了生物测定与生化水平的比较分析,生物测定结果显示,天津北大港种群对马拉硫磷的LD50值为河北沧州种群的13.2倍,显示天津北大港种群已对马拉硫磷产生了耐药性.两种群羧酸酯酶比活力分析表明,以α-醋酸萘酯(α-NA)为底物时,两种群羧酸酯酶比活力无显著差异；以α-丁酸萘酯(α-NB)和β-醋酸萘酯(β-NA)为底物时,飞蝗天津北大港种群较河北沧州种群羧酸酯酶比活力为低,且具有显著差异.以1氯-2,4-二硝基苯(CDNB)为底物对两种群谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性进行检测,结果表明,河北沧州种群谷胱甘肽S-转移酶比活力高于天津北大港种群.以上结果显示,天津北大港种群对马拉硫磷的耐药性,可能与羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶没有直接的相关性,而与靶标敏感性的下降有关.     

哺乳动物谷胱甘肽转移酶研究进展

谷胱甘肽转移酶(谷胱甘肽硫转移酶)(GSTs)是一类广泛分布于微生物、植物、昆虫、鱼以及哺乳动物,在诸多生物学过程中发挥重要作用的蛋白超家族,具有解毒和清除过氧化物双重功能.近年来,国内外研究人员进一步对GST在生物化学、结构生物学、分子生物学、进化生物学以及基因组学等层面进行了大量的分析和研究.本文将针对有关GST的研究展开综述,以期为深入开展哺乳动物GST基因适应和进化研究提供借鉴.     

飞蝗五个自然种群的遗传分化研究

采用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术检测飞蝗Locusta migratoria（Linnaeus）2个亚种5个种群的遗传多样性，11个随机引物扩增共产生了163条带，其中多态性片段为156条．Shannon信息指数和Nei’S指数对RAPD数据的分析表明：东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis（Meyen）不同种群存在较高的遗传多样性；同时，东亚飞蝗种群间出现一定程度的遗传分化，遗传分化系数分别为36．09％和33．85％．用UPGMA对Nei’S遗传距离作聚类分析，结果表明：东亚飞蝗不同种群的亲缘关系较近，而它们与亚洲飞蝗Locusta migratoria migratoria（Linnaeus）关系较远．由Nei’S遗传一致度和遗传距离可以看出，东亚飞蝗不同种群间的遗传距离均小于东亚飞蝗与亚洲飞蝗之间的遗传距离．由Mantel软件检验得出地理距离和遗传距离的相关性系数r〈0．7，表明这5个种群亲缘关系的远近与地理距离无相关性．同时，还结合等位酶种群遗传结构研究结果综合分析了上述东亚飞蝗4种群的遗传多样性及其分化，表明RAPD可检测出更高水平的遗传多样性．     

GSTs,NATs基因多态性与癌症易感性

谷胱甘肽硫转移酶（GSTs)和N－乙酰转移酶（NATs)与异源物质（xenobiotics)与人类的代,激活,解毒等过程密切相关,由于编码这两类酶的基因呈高度鑫态性,因而在人数中GSTs和NATs的活性特征不尽相同,现有的研究指出：GSTs和NATs基因多态性在某些人群中与各类癌症的易感性相关,文章基于前人研究成果并结合我室的[研究进展就这方面的研究工作做了局部的综述。     

mRNA差异显示法筛选和克隆东亚飞蝗抗药性相关基因

筛选和克隆东亚飞蝗抗药性相关基因.采用mRNA差异显示法(mRNA diffFerential display PCR,DD-PCR),对比了东亚飞蝗在受到氯氰菊酯杀虫剂的诱导前后,基因表达发生的变化.对差异片段进行了回收,克隆、测序,Northern点杂交验证以及序列分析和同源性比较.东亚飞蝗在受到氯氰菊酯杀虫剂的诱导前后,存在明显的基因表达差异,发现差异表达条带9条,对9条差异表达条带进行克隆、测序,经序列分析和同源性比较和RNA点杂交验证,表明确认其中1条带与东亚飞蝗的抗药性有关.东亚飞蝗的mRNA差异显示证明,该EST序列可能在抗药的发生发展中具有一定的作用.     

植物谷胱甘肽转移酶和盐胁迫

谷胱甘肽转移酶 (GSTs)的种类不一 ,在植物异生代谢和内生代谢中都表现了一定的功能 ,通过转基因技术使之在植物体中过量表达显示它在植物耐盐过程中也起到了一定的作用 .     

植物体内的多功能蛋白酶——谷胱甘肽转移酶

谷胱甘肽转移酶(Glutathione S-transferases,GSTs)在植物体内普遍存在,是由一个大的多基因家族编码的多功能蛋白酶。GSTs的表达受多种环境因子的诱导,在植物的生长发育、次生代谢和耐逆中有重要作用。本文简要介绍了GST的研究概况,重点讨论了其生理功能。     

植物的谷胱甘肽转移酶家族

植物的谷胱甘肽转移酶(Glutathione transferases,GSTs;EC 2.5.1.18)是一个大家族;根据蛋白同源性和基因组织结构,植物GST分为φ、ζ、τ、θ、λ五类;GST主要在胞液中表达,是由约26kDa亚基组成的同源二聚体或异源二聚体,形成疏水的50kDa的蛋白;在不同组织和不同的环境条件下,基因表达差异很大.GST在植物的初级代谢和二级代谢、胁迫耐受、细胞信号等方面行使功能.     

谷胱甘肽硫转移酶结构与功能研究进展

谷胱甘肽转硫酶(G lutath ione S-transferases,简称GSTs,EC2.5.1.18)是广泛分布于哺乳动物、植物、鸟类、昆虫、寄生虫及微生物体内的一组多功能同工酶,其主要功能是催化某些内源性或外来有害物质的亲电子基团与还原型谷胱甘肽的巯基偶联,增加其疏水性使其易于穿越细胞膜,分解后排出体外,从而达到解毒的目的.着重介绍了近年来谷胱甘肽硫转移酶结构与功能研究的进展,详细描述并比较了多种同工酶的三级结构、生化功能、催化机制以及底物特异性,同时对GSTs种类之间结构与功能的进化做了较深入探讨.     

废旧干电池污染液对泥鳅谷胱甘肽硫转移酶活性的影响

将泥鳅暴露于不同浓度的废旧干电池污染液中,于48小时、72小时测定其谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GSTs)的活性,发现低浓度、短时间内GSTs活性被诱导,随着废旧干电池污染液浓度的增大和暴露时间的延长,GSTs活性被抑制。这些结果表明,GSTs可作为生物标志物来监测水生态系统的污染。     

Seasonal variation of gut Cyanophyta contents and liver GST expression of mud carp （Cirrhina molitorella） and Nile tilapia （Oreochromis niloticus） in the tropical Xiangang Reservoir （Huizhou, China）

Liver glutathione S-transferase(GST) plays a major role in the detoxification of microcystins(MCs) via conjugation to glutathione(GSH).We evaluated the relationship between seasonal variation in fish gut contents and the expression of GST isoforms in mud carp(Cirrhina molitorella) and Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus).We quantified the abundance and diversity of plankton in the water column and foregut of mud carp and Nile tilapia in the tropical Xiangang Reservoir between October 2007 and July 2008.The mRNA expression of 7 liver GST isoforms was determined by real-time RT-PCR.The gut contents of both species were dependent on the amount and type of phytoplankton and zooplankton in the water.The expression of liver GST genes in Nile tilapia and mud carp was positively and negatively correlated,respectively,with the abundance of toxic cyanobacteria in the fore-gut.The expression of liver GST mRNA was correlated to the abundance of toxic cyanobacteria in the gut contents of both species,suggesting that mRNA expression of GST isoforms could be used as a biomarker in Nile tilapia and mud carp to monitor cyanobacteria blooms in reservoirs.     

Tissue-specific expression of glutathione S-transferases induced by 2-tridecanone or quercetin in cotton bollworms, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)

The tissue-specific expression of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in the cotton bollworm and the expression level induced by 2-tridecanone and quercetin were examined using the methods of biochemistry and the quantitative PCR. The relative expression level of GST mRNA was unanimous with the GSTs activity conjugaging with 1-chloro-2, 4-dimitro-benzene (CDNB) in fat bodies,midguts, heads and integuments of cotton bollworms. The GSTs activity in fat bodies was the highest, then midguts, heads and integuments in turn, which was in consistent with the relative expression level of GST mRNA. The specific activity of GSTs and the relative expression level of GST mRNA could be significantly induced by 2-tridecanone and quercetin, and after the induction the order of the GSTs activity and the relative expression level of GST mRNA in the above four tissues in cotton bollworms was not different from the control.The induction of GSTs by 2-tridecanone was stronger than by quercetin in all four tissues, which was in accordance with the relative expression level of GST mRNA. It suggested that the increase of GSTs activity induced by plant allelochemicals was associated with the elevated expression of GST mRNA in cotton bollworms.     

Tissue-specific expression of glutathione S-transferases induced by 2-tridecanone or quercetin in cotton bollworms, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)

The tissue-specific expression of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in the cotton bollworm and the expression level induced by 2-tridecanone and quercetin were examined using the methods of biochemistry and the quantitative PCR. The relative expression level of GST mRNA was unanimous with the GSTs activity conjugaging with 1-chloro-2, 4-dimitro-benzene (CDNB) in fat bodies, midguts, heads and integuments of cotton bollworms. The GSTs activity in fat bodies was the highest, then midguts, heads and integuments in turn, which was in consistent with the relative expression level of GST mRNA. The specific activity of GSTs and the relative expression level of GST mRNA could be significantly induced by 2-tridecanone and quercetin, and after the induction the order of the GSTs activity and the relative expression level of GST mRNA in the above four tissues in cotton bollworms was not different from the control. The induction of GSTs by 2-tridecanone was stronger than by quercetin in all four tissues, which was in accordance with the relative expression level of GST mRNA. It suggested that the increase of GSTs activity induced by plant allelochemicals was associated with the elevated expression of GST mRNA in cotton bollworms.     

Tissue-specific expression of glutathione S-transferases induced by 2-tridecanone or quercetin in cotton bollworms, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)

The tissue-specific expression of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in the cotton bollworm and the expression level induced by 2-tridecanone and quercetin were examined using the methods of biochemistry and the quantitative PCR. The relative expression level of GST mRNA was unanimous with the GSTs activity conjugaging with 1-chloro-2, 4-dimitro-benzene (CDNB) in fat bodies, midguts, heads and integuments of cotton bollworms. The GSTs activity in fat bodies was the highest, then midguts, heads and integuments in turn, which was in consistent with the relative expression level of GST mRNA. The specific activity of GSTs and the relative expression level of GST mRNA could be significantly induced by 2-tridecanone and quercetin, and after the induction the order of the GSTs activity and the relative expression level of GST mRNA in the above four tissues in cotton bollworms was not different from the control. The induction of GSTs by 2-tridecanone was stronger than by quercetin in all four tissues, which was in accordance with the relative expression level of GST mRNA. It suggested that the increase of GSTs activity induced by plant allelochemicals was associated with the elevated expression of GST mRNA in cotton bollworms.     

东亚飞蝗消化系统蛋白质组双向电泳的分析

为了优化东亚飞蝗消化系统双向电泳技术,建立东亚飞蝗消化系统蛋白表达图谱,探讨雌、雄东亚飞蝗消化系统蛋白组分的差异,利用pH值为3~10和pH值为4~7的胶条分别对雌、雄东亚飞蝗消化系统进行双向电泳分析,进行蛋白组学分析.研究结果发现:雌性东亚飞蝗消化系统蛋白种类多于雄性,雌性东亚飞蝗消化系统特异蛋白中偏酸性蛋白数量与偏碱性蛋白相当,而雄性东亚飞蝗消化系统特异蛋白中酸性蛋白多于碱性蛋白.在雌、雄东亚飞蝗消化系统相匹配蛋白中,含量差异达3倍以上的蛋白约占总匹配蛋白的50;.可见,雌、雄东亚飞蝗消化系统蛋白组分存在差异.     

AFM观察小鼠心肌核DNA片段的基因组合形成"基因系"的系统性和垃圾DNA的相互作用

用原子力显微镜(AFM)直接观察、小白鼠心肌等组织的核DNA片段的基因体外转录等多种实验技术组合,通过AFM观察到心肌核DNA片段上的基因,处于垃圾DNA的“转录平台”上,在体外转录过程中,由n(n=3、4等)个活性基因节,对应的n-1个“基因间隔”,依特定的排列组合分别形成n(n=3、4等)种大小不同的“基因系”,各“基因系”中的基因节同时转录,分别形成对应nRNA(n=9、12等)链状复合体,nRMA链状复合体分别与对应基因系的单链DNA两边的“接口”相联。核内对应nmRNA数量减少,形成负反馈效应后,使nRNA从对应“基因系”上迅速解离下来,核内经“转录后修饰”形成对应nmRNA链状复合体。该复合体主要在核内,处于垃圾DNA的“翻译平台”上进行蛋白质翻译,并在核内加工修饰形成有活性蛋白质。本工作展示了未来运用AFM观察生物学反应、研究核基因转录与调控的分子机理、基因组合形成基因系的系统性和垃圾DNA的相互作用的前景。     

葱蝇谷胱甘肽S - 转移酶基因的克隆与序列分析(动物科学)

谷胱苷肽S-转移酶(GST)是昆虫体内广泛存在的一类解毒酶,可以保护机体免受内源性或氧化物的损害。昆虫对一些杀虫剂的抗性与GST表达水平增高有关。GST的研究主要集中在杀虫剂抗性上,可将其作为昆虫的药物靶标,设计和开发新型的杀虫剂。采用RACE的方法,克隆了葱蝇(Delia antiqua)GST基因cDNA的全长序列(GenBank登录号:JQ625502),获得的cDNA全长874bp,其中阅读框ORF 627bp,编码208个氨基酸,推测其相对分子质量为23.9kD,等电点为5.83。通过该基因推导的氨基酸序列与其它物种的GST蛋白进行相似性比较和系统发育分析,发现葱蝇与丝光绿蝇(Lucilia cuprina)的谷胱甘肽转移酶氨基酸序列同源性最高。该结果进一步丰富了GST基因的基础数据,有助于葱蝇的杀虫剂抗性机理和发育机理的相关研究。     

一个新的水稻GST类似蛋白基因XIG的克隆与分析

根据编码一种玉米GST类似蛋白的mRNA In2-1序列设计引物，以水稻cDNA文库为模板，PCR扩增得到一条270bp的DNA片段，以此片段为探针分别筛选水稻根cDNA文库及水稻基因文库，获得一条全长cDNA及其相应的全长基因，并通过测序得到了两者的全序列，该基因编码的蛋白具有GST的典型特征，在水稻中尚未见报道。