Marine aerosol formation from biogenic iodine emissions

The formation of marine aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei--from which marine clouds originate--depends ultimately on the availability of new, nanometre-scale particles in the marine boundary layer. Because marine aerosols and clouds scatter incoming radiation and contribute a cooling effect to the Earth's radiation budget, new particle production is important in climate regulation. It has been suggested that sulphuric acid derived from the oxidation of dimethyl sulphide is responsible for the production of marine aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei. It was accordingly proposed that algae producing dimethyl sulphide play a role in climate regulation, but this has been difficult to prove and, consequently, the processes controlling marine particle formation remains largely undetermined. Here, using smog chamber experiments under coastal atmospheric conditions, we demonstrate that new particles can form from condensable iodine-containing vapours, which are the photolysis products of biogenic iodocarbons emitted from marine algae. Moreover, we illustrate, using aerosol formation models, that concentrations of condensable iodine-containing vapours over the open ocean are sufficient to influence marine particle formation. We suggest therefore that marine iodocarbon emissions have a potentially significant effect on global radiative forcing.     

Coupling and feedback between iron and sulphur in air-sea exchange

Iron in surface seawater has been demonstrated to be the limiting nutrient factor for primary productivity in certain oceanic regions where other major nutrients are abundant[1—5]. The available Fe to the phytoplankton in seawater is related to the uptake of carbon dioxide through the ocean and, in turn, to the global greenhouse effect[6—11]. Recent reports showed that the available Fe in the seawater is closely correlative to nitrogen fixation in the ocean[12—17]. Understanding which Fe s…     

河南省主要城市大气气溶胶中的TSP和PM10污染特性

大气气溶胶中的颗粒物(TSP、PM10)是大气污染物研究的主要对象．本文论述了我国北京、重庆、贵阳、济南、郑州等城市的大气气溶胶的特征一讨论了河南省东、西、南、北、中几个重要城市大气气溶胶中的TSP和PM10对环境空气的污染状况；分析了河南省城市环境大气气溶胶中TSP和PM10污染特性。     

An antioxidant function for DMSP and DMS in marine algae

The algal osmolyte dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) and its enzymatic cleavage product dimethylsulphide (DMS) contribute significantly to the global sulphur cycle, yet their physiological functions are uncertain. Here we report results that, together with those in the literature, show that DMSP and its breakdown products (DMS, acrylate, dimethylsulphoxide, and methane sulphinic acid) readily scavenge hydroxyl radicals and other reactive oxygen species, and thus may serve as an antioxidant system, regulated in part by enzymatic cleavage of DMSP. In support of this hypothesis, we found that oxidative stressors, solar ultraviolet radiation, CO(2) limitation, Fe limitation, high Cu(2+) (ref. 9) and H(2)O(2) substantially increased cellular DMSP and/or its lysis to DMS in marine algal cultures. Our results indicate direct links between such stressors and the dynamics of DMSP and DMS in marine phytoplankton, which probably influence the production of DMS and its release to the atmosphere. As oxidation of DMS to sulphuric acid in the atmosphere provides a major source of sulphate aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei, oxidative stressors--including solar radiation and Fe limitation--may be involved in complex ocean atmosphere feedback loops that influence global climate and hydrological cycles.     

Speciation of the elements and compositions on the surfaces of dust storm particles： The evidence for the coupling of iron with sulfur in aerosol during the long-range transport

The speciation of the elements on the surface of the particles collected during dust storm and non-dust storm in Beijing and Inner Mongolia was studied by XPS. The major species of iron on the surface were oxides, sulfate, silicate,FeOOH and minor part sorbed on SiO2/Al2O3. Sulfate is the dominant species of sulfur on the surface. SiO2 and Al2O3 are the main components of Si and Al on the surface respectively.One of the most important findings was that the Fe(Ⅱ) (FeS and FeSO4) produced could account for up to 44.3% and 45.6% of the total Fe on the surface in the aerosol sample collected at that night and next day of the “peak” time of the dust storm occurring on March 20, 2002, while Fe2(SO4)3,one of the Fe(Ⅲ) species on the surface decreased from 67.1% to 49.5% and 48.0% respectively. Both S and Fe enriched on the surface of aerosol particles. Fe(Ⅱ) accounted for 1.3%-5.3% of total Fe in bulk aerosol samples during dust storm. These results provided strong evidence to support the hypothesis of the coupling between iron and sulfur in aerosols during the long-range transport, which would have important impact on the global biogeochemical cycle.     

Study on variational aerosol fields over Beijing and its adjoining areas derived from Terra-MODIS and ground sunphotometer observation

East Asia is one of areas with larger sulfide emis-sions, and in recent years, more sulfur-rich gases are emitted into the atmosphere along with the rapid growth of economy. A great amount of sulfate aerosol produced in industrial activities not only degrades the environment but also affects the regional climate. In China, besides the sulfate aerosol produced, the dust particle is also one of main aerosols in the atmosphere. According to observa-tions, the soil-origin aerosol still poses the …     

北京PM10质量浓度与总体理查逊数的关系

为了研究总体理查逊数对可吸入颗粒物 PM₁₀ ( particulate matter with aero-dynamic diameter smaller than 10 μm) 质量浓度的影响, 对2007年11月北京南郊观象台的PM₁₀质量浓度资料、地面气象自动站资料和常规无线电探空资料进行了分析。统计分析软件采用 SPSS15.0( Statistical Package for Social Sciences 15. 0) 。分析结果表明,在北京地区以稳定层结为主的条件下, PM₁₀质量浓度与地面气象要素和总体理查逊数存在很好的规律性。PM₁₀质量浓度与风速和相对湿度显著相关, 相关系数分别为 - 0. 65 和 0. 69, 通过 α= 0. 01 显著性检验; PM₁₀质量浓度与地面至450m层的总体理查逊数存在显著的对数形式非线性关系, 决定系数 R2= 0.42。非线性回归方程的独立样本预测检验显示回归模型可以用于根据无线电探空资料对PM₁₀质量浓度进行预测。     

光催化氧化脱除S_2O_3~(2-)

利用固体超强酸SO42-/T iO2及SO42-/W O3对硫代硫酸钠进行了光催化氧化的研究,并讨论了影响硫代硫酸钠氧化率的主要因素.实验结果表明:SO42-/T iO2对硫代硫酸钠的氧化能力比SO42-/W O3强.选择浓度为1.5 m o l/L的硫酸浸渍制得的SO42-/T iO2作为催化剂,用量为0.500 g,硫代硫酸钠溶液的起始浓度为50.0 m g/L、pH值为10.0,光照4小时,硫代硫酸钠的氧化率达99.4%.     

利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪研究南黄海气溶胶的变化特征

2012年11月在南黄海首次使用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)采集和分析两个平行航测断面上的气溶胶,以研究不同气团影响下海洋气溶胶的理化特征。断面1受从海到陆的海风及海洋气团影响,断面2则受从陆到海的陆风及陆地气团影响。结果表明,断面2的气溶胶颗粒数约为断面1的3.5倍,主要由陆地气团传输导致,其次是断面2的高风速影响。主要组分为SO_4~(2-),NO_3~-,NH_4~+,OC和EC气溶胶的颗粒数在断面1和2(断面2除NO_3~-外)上分别逐渐减少58%~74%和34%~53%,在断面1的减少量高于断面2。断面1和2上含量最高的分别是海盐气溶胶(30%)和二次气溶胶(42%)。二次气溶胶和其他人为源气溶胶(包括生物质燃烧、Soot-like气溶胶和含铅气溶胶)对两个断面的贡献显著,因此人为源对南黄海气溶胶的贡献不容忽视。     

Global estimate of aerosol direct radiative forcing from satellite measurements

Atmospheric aerosols cause scattering and absorption of incoming solar radiation. Additional anthropogenic aerosols released into the atmosphere thus exert a direct radiative forcing on the climate system. The degree of present-day aerosol forcing is estimated from global models that incorporate a representation of the aerosol cycles. Although the models are compared and validated against observations, these estimates remain uncertain. Previous satellite measurements of the direct effect of aerosols contained limited information about aerosol type, and were confined to oceans only. Here we use state-of-the-art satellite-based measurements of aerosols and surface wind speed to estimate the clear-sky direct radiative forcing for 2002, incorporating measurements over land and ocean. We use a Monte Carlo approach to account for uncertainties in aerosol measurements and in the algorithm used. Probability density functions obtained for the direct radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere give a clear-sky, global, annual average of -1.9 W m(-2) with standard deviation, +/- 0.3 W m(-2). These results suggest that present-day direct radiative forcing is stronger than present model estimates, implying future atmospheric warming greater than is presently predicted, as aerosol emissions continue to decline.     

固体超强酸光催化氧化硫代硫酸钠

利用固体超强酸SO42-/TiO2及SO42-/WO3对硫代硫酸钠进行了光催化氧化的实验研究,并讨论了影响硫代硫酸钠氧化率的主要因素。实验结果表明:SO42-/TiO2对硫代硫酸钠的氧化能力比SO42-/WO3强。选择浓度为1.5mol/L的硫酸浸渍制得的SO42-/TiO2作为催化剂,用量为0.500g,硫代硫酸钠溶液的起始浓度为50.0mg/L、pH值为10.0,光照4h,硫代硫酸钠的氧化率达99.4%。该方法具有催化剂便宜易得、用量少、易分离、催化效果好、节能、操作简单、氧化率高等优点。     

亚洲地区沙尘和人为气溶胶的分布及直接气候效应

利用耦合气溶胶化学过程的高分辨率区域气候模式RegCM4,模拟研究了2000~2009年亚洲地区沙尘和3种人为气溶胶（硫酸盐、黑碳、有机碳）的时空分布和直接气候效应。结果表明,模拟的气溶胶光学厚度在沙尘源区附近较为准确,但在人为活动影响较大的地区偏小。4种气溶胶的综合作用引起大气层顶负的辐射强迫,从而造成了地表气温的下降。降水方面,冬夏两季气溶胶对模拟区域的影响都以降水减少为主,这与气溶胶增加了大气稳定度,减少了地表蒸发并产生了偏北风距平有关。沙尘和人为气溶胶各自都能引起气温的下降和降水的减少,两类气溶胶都能造成的偏北风距平对我国南方降水的减少有重要作用。在人类活动密集区,人为气溶胶引起的气候效应约占总的4种气溶胶气候效应的50%。     

青藏高原多年冻土区典型小流域径流水化学特征

基于2008年6月风火山小流域五个径流控制断面水样分析结果,综合运用描述性统计、相关性分析、Gibbs图和主成分分析方法,对主要可溶无机离子的质量浓度特征及其成因进行分析。结果表明:阳离子以Na~+,Ca~(2+)为主,阴离子以SO_4~(2-)为主,且各断面大部分离子质量浓度日变化特征为单峰型;浅层土壤中水分运移携带的离子质量浓度高,对河水总溶解性固体(TDS)含量贡献最大;岩石风化作用和蒸发浓缩作用对风火山小流域水化学变化起主要作用;研究流域蒸发盐岩风化作用最强烈,其次为碳酸盐岩的溶解;初步分析认为河水离子质量浓度较高的原因是受蒸发浓缩作用、土壤冻结融化作用和径流活跃期时间短等共同影响的结果。     

A modeling study of aerosol effects on cloud radiative property and precipitation

A two-moment (mass and number) warm cloud scheme together with ground and aircraft measurements over Beijing is used in a regional model to study the effects of aerosols on cloud radiative property and precipitation.Using a prescribed tri-modal lognormal aerosol size distribution,the aerosol numbers are calculated from prognostic aerosol masses,for which advection,diffusion,and cloud drop activation/deactivation are considered.Specifically,the accumulation mode of a tri-lognormal aerosol size distribution i...     

纳米级SO42-/TiO2固体超强酸储存稳定性研究

用锐钛型纳米TiO2制备了纳米级SO42-/TiO2固体超强酸,通过乙酸和丁醇的酯化反应研究了储存时间、储存条件和浸水后对纳米级SO42-/TiO2固体超强酸催化活性的影响.结果表明纳米级SO42-/TiO2固体超强酸在空气中放置60 d,其催化反应的酯化率仍可达到90.3%.     

亚洲地区沙尘和人为气溶胶的分布及气候效应

利用耦合气溶胶化学过程的高分辨率区域气候模式RegCM4,模拟研究了2000~2009年亚洲地区沙尘和3种人为气溶胶（硫酸盐、黑碳、有机碳）的时空分布和直接气候效应。结果表明,模拟的气溶胶光学厚度在沙尘源区附近较为准确,但在人为活动影响较大的地区偏小。4种气溶胶的综合作用引起大气层顶负的辐射强迫,从而造成了地表气温的下降。降水方面,冬夏2季气溶胶对模拟区域的影响都以降水减少为主,这与气溶胶增加大气稳定度,减少地表蒸发并产生了偏北风距平有关。沙尘和人为气溶胶各自都能引起气温的下降和降水的减少,2类气溶胶都能造成的偏北风距平对我国南方降水的减少有重要作用。在人类活动密集区,人为气溶胶引起的气候效应约占总的4种气溶胶气候效应的50%。     

建设海洋经济背景下宁波港与内陆港联动发展的思考

在建设海洋经济背景下,沿海港口作为国内外贸易的物流平台,内陆港作为沿海港口拓展经济腹地和增加货源的有效途径,二者密切合作,对促进内陆地区经济发展,推进现代化港口建设,增强海港的集聚和辐射功能,提升海洋经济综合竞争力及实现海洋经济战略,具有重要的现实意义。浙江是一个海洋大省,宁波港是浙江省龙头港口,宁波港和内陆联动发展,有利于打造国际强港和浙江海洋经济发展示范区建设。     

海洋二甲基硫的研究进展

近20年来,海洋二甲基硫研究一直是海洋科学研究领域中的一个热点,生源硫化物－－二甲基硫,是海洋主要的挥发性硫化物,也是大气硫化物的重要来源,其在大气中的氧化产物关系着酸雨形成、全球气候变化等全球变化问题,因此该研究有着重要的意义,国际上许多大型研究计划都将其作为一项重要的研究内容,根据20多年来国际上有关海洋二甲基硫的研究成果,对二甲基硫的生产机制、转化过程、海－气通量及其对全球变化的影响等方面进行了分析总结,并结合我国这方面的工作,对该领域今后的发展趋势进行了展望,以期为我国的海洋二甲基硫研究提供参考,促进我国在该研究领域与国际接轨。