饱和黏土剪切变形与强度特性试验研究

针对由真空抽吸制样技术制备的饱和重塑黏土,在0.000 2～0.1 mm/s剪切速率范围内.进行了多组应变控制的UU和CU三轴剪切试验,通过对比试验系统地探讨了围压和剪切速率对饱和黏土的应力-应变关系及其强度特性的影响.试验结果表明,饱和黏土的应力-应变关系在低剪切速率下发生应变强化.而在高剪切速率下出现峰值强度和应变软化,不排水强度随剪切速率的增加而增大,增长幅度可达70%.但当应变超过10%以后的最终残余强度趋于相等.同时试验还发现.在UU试验条件下黏土应力-应变关系与强度特性不受围压的影响,而受剪切速率的影响较为显著.通过归一化.建议了不排水强度与剪切速率之间的线性拟合公式.在确定拟合参数以后.在一定的剪切速率范围内可以同时估计UU和CU试验条件下各剪切速率下的强度.     

A periodic shear-heating mechanism for intermediate-depth earthquakes in the mantle

Intermediate-depth earthquakes, at depths of 50-300 km in subduction zones, occur below the brittle-ductile transition, where high pressures render frictional failure unlikely. Their location approximately coincides with 600 to 800 degrees C isotherms in thermal models, suggesting a thermally activated mechanism for their origin. Some earthquakes may occur by frictional failure owing to high pore pressure that might result from metamorphic dehydration. Because some intermediate-depth earthquakes occur approximately 30 to 50 km below the palaeo-sea floor, however, the hydrous minerals required for the dehydration mechanism may not be present. Here we present an alternative mechanism to explain such earthquakes, involving the onset of highly localized viscous creep in pre-existing, fine-grained shear zones. Our numerical model uses olivine flow laws for a fine-grained, viscous shear zone in a coarse-grained, elastic half space, with initial temperatures from 600-800 degrees C and background strain rates of 10(-12) to 10(-15) s(-1). When shear heating becomes important, strain rate and temperature increase rapidly to over 1 s(-1) and 1,400 degrees C. The stress then drops dramatically, followed by low strain rates and cooling. Continued far-field deformation produces a quasi-periodic series of such instabilities.     

Static slip model of the M w 9.0 Tohoku (Japan) earthquake: Results from joint inversion of terrestrial GPS data and seafloor GPS/acoustic data

Based on co-seismic displacements recorded by terrestrial GPS stations and seafloor GPS/acoustic stations, the static slip model of the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku earthquake was determined by inverting the data using a layered earth model. According to a priori information, the rupture surface was modeled with a geometry that is close to the actual rupture, in which the fault dip angle increases with depth and the fault strike varies with the trend of the trench. As shown by the results inferred from the joint inversion, the "geodetic" moment is 3.68 × 10 22 Nm, corresponding to Mw 9.01, and the maximum slip is positioned at a depth of 13.5 km with a slip magnitude of 45.8 m. Rupture asperities with slip exceeding 10 m are mainly distributed from 39.6 to 36.97°N, over a length of almost 240 km along the trench. The slip was mostly concentrated at depths shallower than 40 km, up-dip of the hypocenter. "Checkerboard" tests reveal that a joint inversion of multiple datasets can resolve the slip distribution better than an inversion with terrestrial GPS data only-especially when aiming to resolve slip at shallow depths. Thus, the joint inversion results obtained by this work may provide a more reliable slip model than the results of other studies that are only derived from terrestrial GPS data or seismic waveform data.     

北京市地铁7号线地质沉降数据的时间序列分析

本文运用时间序列方法,构建模型对北京市地铁七号线(九龙山站到大郊亭站)建设过程中地质沉降的数据进行分析,并对未来地质沉降的走势进行了预测.文章主要分为以下三个部分:第一部分是本文所用的模型介绍,包括时间序列AR(P)模型、Yule-Walker方程对模型的参数估计、AIC定阶、白噪声检验.第二部分,对原始数据进行分析,并对数据进行伸缩变换,去除趋势项,建立了AR(2)模型.根据所构建的模型,对未来的地质沉降做出预测.第三部分是本文的结论.     

原状黄土的剪应变速率效应及数值模拟

为探究不同剪应变速率下非饱和原状黄土的变形性状与强度特性,利用南京土壤仪器SLB-1型三轴剪切渗透试验仪器,通过不同围压、不同剪应变速率条件下的室内三轴UU试验,对非饱和原状黄土在不同初始应力状态的剪应变速率效应进行分析,并结合PLAXIS 3D数值模拟研究,以期为数值模拟室内试验提供参考从而节约时间和成本。研究结果表明:非饱和原状黄土偏应力随应变的增加前期迅速增加,随后增加缓慢,呈现出应变硬化型,硬化程度随着围压的增大而增大,模拟结果的硬化程度小于试验结果的硬化程度。在试验范围内,原状黄土偏应力-应变曲线随着剪应变速率的增加不断上移,破坏强度随剪应变速率的增加而增大,模拟结果中剪应变速率对破坏强度的影响范围小于试验结果。     

A generalized trigonometric series function model for determining ionospheric delay

A generalized trigonometric series function (GTSF) model, with an adjustable number of parameters, is proposed and analyzed to study ionosphere by using GPS, especially to provide ionospheric delay correction for single frequency GPS users. The preliminary results show that, in comparison with the trigonometric series function (TSF) model and the polynomial (POLY) model, the GTSF model can more precisely describe the ionospheric variation and more efficiently provide the ionospheric correction when GPS data are used to investigate or extract the earth's ionospheric total electron content. It is also shown that the GTSF model can further improve the precision and accuracy of modeling local ionospheric delays.     

2012年7月4-5日河南省驻马店暴雨过程分析

利用MICAPS常规资料、NECP再分析资料、雷达回波资料,对2012年7月4-5日河南省驻马店暴雨过程进行诊断分析,资料表明：此次暴雨过程是受副热带高压边缘西南气流和中低层切变线的共同影响,高空槽后带来的冷空气与西南暖湿气流在淮河流域上空交汇,促使不稳定能量爆发,从而产生中小尺度强降水.在新一代天气雷达上,则表现为对流性降水回波,回波呈块状结构,强度大,中心强度为59 dBZ,对流高度12 km .从回波连续演变来看,整个回波云系随着低槽的东移南压,移速25 km/h .径向速度图上,最大负速度入流为-39 m/s,最大正速度出流为24 m/s,入流绝对值远大于出流绝对值,表明测站附近为气流辐合.垂直风廓线图上,最大风速高度6．7 km,最大风速风向198 deg,最大风速18．0 m/s,表明高层有西南气流加入,在4．6 km高度附近有一个明显的垂直切变线.     

液化地基自由场振动台试验的土性参数识别

基于已进行的液化地基自由场振动台试验,利用参数识别技术对试验记录的土体加速度和孔隙水压力进行分析,研究了场地液化机理及土的动力特性.由自由场振动台试验的土体加速度记录求出土体的动剪切应力—应变曲线,并研究了土体的动剪切模量及阻尼特性随动剪切应变的变化关系.结果表明:利用参数识别技术识别的土的刚度与土动力性质试验获得的数据基本一致,而阻尼要高于土动力性质试验的结果;孔隙水压力增长对土的剪切波速有影响,会引起土的刚度降低.     

Preliminary results pertaining to coseismic displacement and preseismic strain accumulation of the Lushan M S7.0 earthquake, as reflected by GPS surveying

This paper presents the coseismic displacement and preseismic deformation fields of the Lushan M _S7.0 earthquake that occurred on April 20, 2013. The results are based on GPS observations along the Longmenshan fault and within its vicinity. The coseismic displacement and preseismic GPS results indicate that in the strain release of this earthquake, the thrust rupture is dominant and the laevorotation movement is secondary. Furthermore, we infer that any possible the rupture does not reach the earth’s surface, and the seismogenic fault is most likely one fault to the east of the Guanxian-Anxian fault. Some detailed results are obtainable. (1) The southern segment of the Longmenshan fault is locked preceding the Lushan earthquake. After the Wenchuan earthquake, the strain accumulation rate in the southeast direction accelerates in the epicenter of the Lushan earthquake, and the angle between the principal compressional strain and the seismogenic fault indicates that a sinistral deformation background in the direction of the seismogenic fault precedes the Lushan earthquake. Therefore, it is evident that the Wenchuan M _S8.0 earthquake accelerated the pregnancy of the Lushan earthquake. (2) The coseismic displacements reflected by GPS data are mainly located in a region that is 230 km (NW direction) × 100 km (SW direction), and coseismic displacements larger than 10 mm lie predominantly in a 100-km region (NW direction). (3) On a large scale, the coseismic displacement shows thrust characteristics, but the associated values are remarkably small in the near field (within 70 km) of the earthquake fault. Meanwhile, the thrust movement in this 70-km region does not correspond with the attenuation characteristics of the strain release, indicating that the rupture of this earthquake does not reach the earth’s surface. (4) The laevorotation movements are remarkable in the 50-km region, which is located in the hanging wall that is close to the earthquake fault, and the corresponding values in this case correlate with the attenuation characteristics of the strain release.     

Space geodetic evidence for rapid strain rates in the New Madrid seismic zone of central USA

In the winter of 1811-1812, near the town of New Madrid in the central United States and more than 2,000 km from the nearest plate boundary, three earthquakes within three months shook the entire eastern half of the country and liquefied the ground over distances far greater than any historic earthquake in North America. The origin and modern significance of these earthquakes, however, is highly contentious. Geological evidence demonstrates that liquefaction due to strong ground shaking, similar in scale to that generated by the New Madrid earthquakes, has occurred at least three and possibly four times in the past 2,000 years (refs 4-6), consistent with recurrence statistics derived from regional seismicity. Here we show direct evidence for rapid strain rates in the area determined from a continuously operated global positioning system (GPS) network. Rates of strain are of the order of 10(-7) per year, comparable in magnitude to those across active plate boundaries, and are consistent with known active faults within the region. These results have significant implications for the definition of seismic hazard and for processes that drive intraplate seismicity.     

沥青路面剪切变形预估模型

将考虑温度影响的材料参数引入对路面剪切变形的机理和特征分析,利用轮辙试验和环道试验数据建立沥青路面剪切变形预估方程,并通过实地调查数据对该模型进行标定和验证.结果表明:同一深度上取多点最大剪应力的平均值作为该深度剪应力分析值可较为准确地反映沥青层的受剪状况;通过分析、拟合试验数据获得的包含剪应力分析值与抗剪强度之比、温度、速度和加载次数等参数的剪切变形预估方程形式合理,具有较为可靠的拟合和预估结果.     

崇山剪切带混合岩化长英质脉体锆石U-Pb年龄及其意义

受印度和欧亚板块碰撞影响,西南三江地区新生代以来发育一系列大型走滑剪切带。为了确定其中碧罗雪山-崇山-澜沧江剪切带的剪切属性和时限,对崇山剪切带大理永平县永保桥地区进行了详细的野外地质考察和室内分析,观测资料表明其左行走滑剪切特征明显。同时,获得崇山剪切带内混合岩化长英质脉体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为24.6 ± 2.0 Ma,表明该带在晚渐新世处于走滑剪切深熔阶段。结合前人研究成果,在新生代剪压应变分解条件下,碧罗雪山北段、碧罗雪山至崇山段、澜沧江段分别具有右行走滑、左行走滑和右行走滑特征。     

全球参考站网窄巷非校准相位延迟

窄巷非校准相位延迟（UPD）产品的质量和可用性是影响精密单点定位模糊度固定（PPPAR）效率的重要因素.采用全球108个国际GPS服务（International GPS Service,IGS）测站观测数据,计算了基于全球参考站网的窄巷UPD产品,分析了窄巷UPD产品的变化特性,其单日变化量最大可达0.6周.通过分析UPD改正后的模糊度残差,论证了UPD产品和用户端模糊度均受到因未被恰当模型化而造成的残余误差的影响,且UPD的时变特性与各参考站残余系统误差有关.最后,采用4个用户站进行PPPAR实验分析UPD产品的可用性,以模糊度固定失败率、固定错误率和首次固定时间为评估指标,结果表明,全球参考站网窄巷UPD产品的最佳使用时限不大于30 min.     

Influence of the March 11, 2011 M w 9.0 Tohoku-oki earthquake on regional volcanic activities

Two days after the March 11,2011,Mw 9.0 Tohoku-oki earthquake,Shinmoedake volcano,located on the Japanese island of Honshu,erupted.Was this eruption triggered by the Tohoku-oki earthquake?Could Mount Fuji and Changbaishan volcanoes also be triggered to erupt?By calculating changes in the regional stress-strain field that resulted from the earthquake,we find that Mount Fuji,Shinmoedake and Changbaishan volcanoes are all located in regions of volumetric expansion.The volumetric expan-sions at a depth of 10 km are up to～220 nano-strain,～8 nano-strain,and～14 nano-strain,respectively,for the three volcanoes. The strain changes inferred from GPS co-seismic displacements also suggest that these three volcanoes are located in regions with surface areal expansion.Considering that the expansional stress may cause the opening of magma channels,exsolution of CO2 gases stored in magma,and a series of positive feedback effects,the Tohoku-oki earthquake may result in an increase in the activ-ity of these volcanoes.Attention should be paid to potential triggering of volcanic eruptions by stress changes induced by the Tohoku-oki earthquake.     

Drifter trajectory tracking experiment and analysis with multi-frequency HFSWR in the East China Sea

We conducted the drifter trajectory tracking experiment for two drifters in the East China Sea,in which the currents were detected by two multi-frequency HFSWRs using the Lagrange-tracking method.The tracking drifter trajectory shows good agreement with the GPS records by qualitative and quantitative analysis that indicates that drifter tracking by HFSWR is valid.In the 12-hour tracking for drifters P1 and P2,the average errors are 1.84 km,1.73 km,and the maximum errors are 3.52 km and 3.12 km,respectively.The current measurement is evaluated by an acoustic Doppler current profilers(ADCP) in-situ observation,and it is the first multi-frequency HFSWR ocean surface monitoring experiment in China.In addition,the main aspects(HFSWR current measurement error,wind,and wave) influencing the tracking accuracy are discussed,and especially the wind factor’s impact is analyzed through the wind filed data.     

Sudden aseismic fault slip on the south flank of Kilauea volcano

One of the greatest hazards associated with oceanic volcanoes is not volcanic in nature, but lies with the potential for catastrophic flank failure. Such flank failure can result in devastating tsunamis and threaten not only the immediate vicinity, but coastal cities along the entire rim of an ocean basin. Kilauea volcano on the island of Hawaii, USA, is a potential source of such flank failures and has therefore been monitored by a network of continuously recording geodetic instruments, including global positioning system (GPS) receivers, tilt meters and strain meters. Here we report that, in early November 2000, this network recorded transient southeastward displacements, which we interpret as an episode of aseismic fault slip. The duration of the event was about 36 hours, it had an equivalent moment magnitude of 5.7 and a maximum slip velocity of about 6[?]cm per day. Inversion of the GPS data reveals a shallow-dipping thrust fault at a depth of 4.5[?]km that we interpret as the down-dip extension of the Hilina Pali--Holei Pali normal fault system. This demonstrates that continuously recording geodetic networks can detect accelerating slip, potentially leading to warnings of volcanic flank collapse.     

埋入式双排桩在土质滑坡治理工程中的应用

埋入式双排桩由于具有整体刚度大、抗侧移刚度大及抗滑能力强且受力合理等优点,因而被广泛应用在深基坑支护与大型滑坡治理工程中.以某土质滑坡为例,利用MIDAS/GTS分别对未治理的土质滑坡和采用埋入式双排桩支护后的土质滑坡进行数值模拟分析,从坡体稳定安全系数、坡体位移变形及剪应变三个方面进行了对比分析.研究表明:采用埋入式双排桩对该滑坡进行治理后,坡体的稳定安全系数由1.087 5提高到1.487 5,边坡达到稳定状态.同时坡体的大位移变形区域和最大位移量也有大幅度减小、剪应变带明显消失且剪应变大小得到有效控制,边坡治理效果明显.     

对流层风廓线雷达资料质量分析

为了检验对流层风廓线雷达观测数据的准确性,利用2014年6-7月咸宁的对流层风廓线雷达和GPS移动探空资料,以GPS探空观测值为参考,对对流层风廓线雷达的观测质量进行对比分析,定义两者风向偏差在15°以内或风速偏差在3m/s以下的样本为有效样本,通过比较有效样本占总样本数的比值来判断风向和风速数据的质量。结果表明:降水量对风场影响不明显,风速和风向有效样本数的变化不同,比较时段内,风向数据的质量优于风速,降水提高了风向数据的质量;1~10km高度,风向数据的质量较好,而降水将提高该数据的质量;8km高度以下,风速数据的质量较好,降水对该数据的质量起反效果。总体来说,除近地层(1km以下)外,风速值越大,风向数据的质量越好,降水对高层风向数据的质量有正贡献。     

GPS接收机在探月高速再入返回中的应用

在我国探月工程3期高速再入返回飞行任务中,惯性导航单元（IMU）为主要的导航敏感器.针对惯性器件误差累积特性引起测量误差恶化问题,提出了一种适用于高速再入返回场景、轻小型化、快速定位的GPS接收机,可与IMU数据融合实现轨道误差修正.飞行验证结果表明:GPS接收机在轨道高度4 911.3 km处实现首次定位,飞行过程中有效定位时间达16 min,两次穿越大气层中"黑障"区域.精度评估结果表明,GPS接收机位置均方根误差为3.67 m:速度均方根误差为0.19 m/s.该GPS接收机满足探月高速再入返回飞行任务要求,也可应用于中低轨道微小卫星和深空再入返回航天器.      

基于同态滤波的GPS空时自适应处理补偿技术

GPS系统工作在有干扰的环境中时,近处干扰与远处卫星间巨大的功率差异导致GPS信号的扩频增益不足以抵抗干扰的影响.空时自适应处理技术已成为GPS接收机抗干扰研究的热点,相比于空域自适应阵列处理可以有更多的抗干扰自由度,消除多个强的宽带干扰及近场的宽带干扰多径.但是由于空时自适应处理的结构使之在处理带宽上不能有一致的频率响应,造成GPS信号的相关函数的相关峰产生畸变,降低接收机的定位精度.本文分析了空域与空时域自适应阵列处理抵抗干扰的性能,对空时自适应处理的原理及影响卫星信号的原因进行了研究,为了恢复出期望的卫星信号,提出一种基于同态滤波均衡原理的方法,补偿由空时自适应处理造成的对卫星信号的影响.仿真结果表明了所提出的方法的有效性.