Au19团簇热力学特性的微观分析

利用经典微正则系综分子动力学,采用Gupta原子间作用势,对非晶结构的19个金原子团簇的热力学特性进行了研究.通过计算团簇内原子时间平均势能的特性以及对团簇瞬时结构的分析发现,团簇的融化过程较对称团簇具有一些新的特征,团簇的融化过程可以分为多个过程.第1阶段的融化涉及团簇表面多个原子(14个原子),其余(4个)原子则处于准固态;第2阶段涉及表面全部原子,但此时有2个位置原子逗留时间较长;第3阶段表面的原子全部开始了快速的换位;第4阶段产生了包括团簇内部原子在内的结构异构化过程.由此,导致了团簇的卡路里曲线、相对均方根键长涨落和热容量的一些新的变化.     

Gupta团簇的2次融化过程及其与结构变化的关系

利用微正则经典分子动力学方法,对具有Gupta势的13粒子团簇的融化过程进行了研究.发现在Gupta势的势参量p和q取值合适的情况下,13粒子团簇的融化过程具有2步融化现象.进一步利用原子等价系数σi(t)的研究还发现,团簇的第1步融化仅涉及表面粒子的异构化过程,而第2步融化中的异构化过程则涉及团簇中所有粒子.     

钛团簇的融化行为

采用经验分子动力学方法研究了几个典型Ti团簇的热力学稳定性和融化行为.Ti团簇的融化行为清楚地依赖于体系的结构和尺寸.对于较小的团簇,融化曲线没有出现清楚的一级相变特征,意味着由于尺寸效应导致的固态液态共存.对于较大尺寸的团簇,观察到其融化过程伴随着表面融化、局部融化、结构共存和相变行为.     

14粒子Gupta团簇的3次融化现象

利用徽正则经典分子动力学方法,对具有Gupta势的14粒子团簇的融化过程进行了研究.发现在Gupta势的势参量p和q取值合适的情况下,14粒子团簇的融化表现出了一种新的特性,即团簇的3次融化过程.利用原子等价系数σi(t)对这种过程中的团簇结构变化特征进行了研究.     

Fe团簇在Fe（110）表面上扩散和结构稳定性的分子动力学研究

采用嵌入原子势和分子动力学方法研究了Fe的小团簇（小于10个原子）在Fe（110）表面上的结构稳定性和扩散特性.计算结果表明体心立方结构的Fe表面,四原子和七原子团簇有较高的转变能和扩散势垒,说明这两种团簇比其他原子团簇更稳定和容易观测到.这两种团簇可能是薄膜生长过程中的临界晶核.研究了三聚体的旋转扩散和团簇扩散过程中二聚体剪切机制,发现二聚体扩散可能是Fe的小团簇在Fe（110）表面扩散的一种重要扩散方式.     

Cu_(59)团簇在升温过程中结构变化的分子动力学研究

应用基于嵌入原子势的分子动力学方法研究了一个Cu59团簇在升温过程中由固态转变为熔体的结构演化过程.根据由原子密度分布函数确定的4个壳层内原子局域结构随温度升高所发生变化的分析表明,在升温过程中由于原子之间连续地交换位置,团簇结构发生了三个阶段的变化.首先在团簇内部形成由13个原子组成的近二十面体结构,继之各壳层内的原子结构逐渐变得无序,并最终形成原子分布于3个壳层内的处于熔融状态的Cu59团簇.     

多体互作用对13-原子团簇相变特性的影响

采用M.I.Baskes的Lennard-Jones Embedded-Atom(LJ-EMA)势作为原子之间的互作用,结合常能分子动力学模拟,计算了13-原子团簇的热曲线、方均根键长起伏、比热、动能的短时平均、位移平方的平均、其它12个原子相对于中心原子的角分布函数,着重地计算了相变区域的情形,对团簇融化-凝固相变特性进行了较为详细的研究,得出多体作用力的大小增加、范围减小导致融化温度(动能)的降低和共存区域范围变小的结论;证实了在一定的总能范围内类固(solidlike)和类液(liquidlike)两类特性团簇的共存;进一步明确了两步过程(表面融化)的成因;观察到在三种较大多体互作用范围势的情况下,出现负比热;进一步揭示了热曲线斜率、方均根键长起伏、比热和动能的短时平均分布之间的关联。     

碳团簇与硅单晶表面重构的蒙特卡罗模拟探索

利用基于经验势(Tersoff势)的蒙特卡罗方法研究碳团簇稳定结构和硅片(100)表面重构这两个物理过程.模拟结果是含有偶数个原子的小团簇是主要由六圆环平铺而成,像石墨片似的平面结构.而含有奇数个原子的小团簇,会在团簇中心生成碳五圆环,团簇的会围绕五圆环卷曲.得到的结论是碳团簇的结构与团簇的幻数有关.模拟硅片表面重构的结果显示硅单晶表面有五种不同的重构模式,并且在不同的温度条件下,这几种重构模式所占的比重也不一样.低温时,硅单晶表面是以无重构的1×1二聚体为主.随温度升高,硅单晶表面出现2×1、c(2× 2)、c(4×2)等重构模式.而在高温时,单晶硅(100)表面将出现的一种新的重构方式--吸附二聚体,它很可能是硅片的外沿生长、成核过程的关键.     

小Al-Ni合金团簇的结构

本文连用了基于紧束鳟模型的Gupta多体势,采用遗传算法研究了团簇的原子数目为13和19以及21的Al-Ni混合团簇的基态构形.将Al团簇中的一个或多个Al原子替其成Ni原子,Aln团簇的基态构形转化为象Ni团簇一样规则的,具有高对称性的结构.当替换的Ni原子数目增加时,混合团簇会形成一些复杂结构.     

Ag12Y团簇三种可能构型的电子结构和磁性研究

应用密度泛函理论和广义梯度近似方法研究Ag12 Y团簇的稳定性、电子结构和磁性,计算了键长、束缚能、最高占据轨道、最低占据轨道、磁矩和电子分布．结果表明：Ag12 Y团簇稳定性比对应的Ag12团簇高,替代中心原子比替代表面原子更稳定,Oh构型的Ag12 Y为最稳定结构;计算的7个Ag12 Y团簇外层电子均为闭壳层结构,具有较好的化学稳定性;Ag12 Y磁性与替代原子位置和团簇对称性有关,Ih构型和替代表面原子形成的C5v构型具有局域磁性,Cs、C2v构型和替代中心原子形成的C5v构型磁矩为0．     

团簇在金属表面沉积过程的分子动力学模拟

在冷喷涂过程中,喷涂粒子被超音速气流加速到较高的速度,在低于喷涂材料熔点的温度下撞击基体,发生剧烈的塑性变形而沉积形成涂层.但是由于高速粒子碰撞变形的瞬时特点,不能对粒子变形沉积过程进行直接观察,通过对Ni团簇在Cu基体上的沉积过程的分子动力学模拟,可以观察到团簇撞击基体并在基体上沉积的过程,以及团簇和基体的形貌变化;另外,通过计算团簇原子进入基体表面层的数量探讨了影响团簇沉积过程的主要因素.     

Influence of composition and size on the thermodynamic stability and structural evolution of CuAlNi nanoclusters

The heating process for CuAlNi nanoclusters with cuboctahedral structure was studied by molecular dynamics simulation with the embedded atom method. A diffusionless martensitic transformation from the cuboctahedral (CO) to the icosahedral (ICO) structure before the melting point was found in some CuAlNi nanoclusters. The effects of element composition and cluster size on the thermodynamic stability and structural transformation of trimetallic nanoclusters were investigated. The results show that the CO–ICO transformation temperature was size-dependent and occurred only for small clusters. It was also observed that the CO–ICO transformation temperature firstly dropped and then raised as Al concentration increased, which may be strongly related to the release of excess energy. Furthermore, the surface segregation phenomenon was also observed that the lower surface energy components, such as Al and Cu atoms, segregated to the surface of CuAlNi nanoclusters. The changes in the melting points of CuAlNi nanoclusters with different alloy compositions and cluster sizes were also studied. And furthermore, the physical basis of structural transition of CuAlNi nanoclusters was discussed.     

基于第一性原理计算CuxNi19-x（x<19）混合团簇的结构研究

采用基于第一性原理计算的Chen-Mbius三维晶格反演基础上获得的原子间相互作用势参数,运用最陡下降法和共轭梯度法结合起来的最优化计算Smart方法得到了CuxNi19-x(x<19)二元过渡金属混合团簇的稳态构型,发现Cu-Ni混合团簇中有明显Cu元素偏析现象,即Cu和Ni并没有互相混合形成有序结构,而是分别聚集在一起,所形成的体系对称性很低,呈割据状态。     

Initiating, growing and cracking of hydrogen blisters

The growing process of a hydrogen blister in a wheel steel was observed in situ with an optical microscope, and the fracture surfaces formed from broken blisters on a wheel steel and bulk metallic glass were investigated. The initiating, growing, cracking and breaking of hydrogen blisters are as follows. Supersaturated vacancies can increase greatly during charging and gather together into a vacancy cluster （small cavity）. Hydrogen atoms become hydrogen molecules in the vacancy cluster and hydrogen molecules can stabilize the vacancy cluster. The small cavity becomes the nucleus of hydrogen blister. The blister will grow with entering of vacancies and hydrogen atoms. With increasing hydrogen pressure, plastic deformation occurs first, the hydrogen blister near the surface extrudes, and then cracks initiate along the wall of the blister with further increasing hydrogen pressure. A cracked blister can grow further through propagating of cracks until it breaks.     

Non-thermal melting in semiconductors measured at femtosecond resolution

Ultrafast time-resolved optical spectroscopy has revealed new classes of physical, chemical and biological reactions, in which directed, deterministic motions of atoms have a key role. This contrasts with the random, diffusive motion of atoms across activation barriers that typically determines kinetic rates on slower timescales. An example of these new processes is the ultrafast melting of semiconductors, which is believed to arise from a strong modification of the inter-atomic forces owing to laser-induced promotion of a large fraction (10% or more) of the valence electrons to the conduction band. The atoms immediately begin to move and rapidly gain sufficient kinetic energy to induce melting--much faster than the several picoseconds required to convert the electronic energy into thermal motions. Here we present measurements of the characteristic melting time of InSb with a recently developed technique of ultrafast time-resolved X-ray diffraction that, in contrast to optical spectroscopy, provides a direct probe of the changing atomic structure. The data establish unambiguously a loss of long-range order up to 900 A inside the crystal, with time constants as short as 350 femtoseconds. This ability to obtain the quantitative structural characterization of non-thermal processes should find widespread application in the study of ultrafast dynamics in other physical, chemical and biological systems.     

ScnN(n=2～12)团簇的磁性和热容量研究

基于第一性原理,在密度泛函理论框架下,用广义梯度近似方法计算了团簇ScnN(n=2～12)的总磁矩Mt、与N原子最近邻的Sc原子的局域磁矩MSc、掺杂原子N的局域磁矩MN.从原子相互作用角度出发,应用统计物理理论,计算了团簇ScnN的磁矩和热容量,研究了它们随温度的变化规律.结果表明:ScnN团簇的磁性与团簇的构型、原子相互作用、磁性粒子间的磁相互作用、团簇中的Sc原子数n有关.总磁矩随Sc原子数n呈波动性变化,当n=3,8,9,11,12时,总磁矩为零,团簇的磁性消失;当n=2,4,5,6,7,10时,团簇表现为铁磁性,其中当n=6时,团簇的磁性最强.ScnN团簇的磁矩随温度升高而减小,其变化趋势与块状磁体类似.温度较低时,磁相互作用产生的热容量CM随温度升高而增大,在某温度附近取极大值;原子相互作用产生的热容量CV在温度较低时与温度成正比,和块状磁体的CV与温度的三次方成正比不同;在对团簇的热容量的贡献中,原子相互作用占主要.     

Atomic simulations of packing patterns and thermal behavior in Ti clusters

Atomic simulations using an embedded atom method (EAM) potential were performed to study changes of packing patterns in titanium clusters containing tens to thousands of atoms. The findings revealed that the changes came from the movements and rearrangements of surface atoms in a large temperature range, and they were strongly dependent on cluster size and elevated temperatures. Small size clusters with icosahedron (Ih) configurations of geometric shell closures were preferred. As the cluster size increased, most of the atoms in these clusters could hold their HCP packing patterns. With the increasing temperature, the coexistence of different packing patterns including HCP, BCC, and Ih occurred. At a high temperature, the disorderly packing quickly extended into the entire region of a large size cluster. The calculations of specific heat were compared with Dulong-Petit law. The simulations provide the possibility to straddle structural transformations and determine critical size suitable for classical theory under certain thermal conditions.     

过渡金属表面的成键特性及与几何结构的关联

提出了按第一与第二近邻微环境分类表面原子的方法,根据表面原子与体相原子近邻微环境的差异提出了表面原子轨道成键强度的概念,编写了相应的计算程序.这样,金属表面的化学吸附与催化性能可直观地与表面原子的几何特性相联系.这一方法也有助于建立过渡金属表面与原子簇的化学活性的关联.     

Si10团簇与Si(111)面碰撞的紧束缚分子动力学模拟

利用紧束缚分子动力学方法模拟研究了Si10团簇与Si(111)表面碰撞的微观过程．研究了入射动能在10—60eV之间的碰撞过程，给出了不同时刻体系的原子位置的微观状态图．结果表明：Si10与Si(111)面碰撞时，吸附在晶体表面的能量域值为20eV，替位域能为30eV，损伤域能为40eV；入射能量大于50eV时，晶体表面严重损伤并且在60eV时，发现在外延层有Si7团簇生成；Si10团簇保持其结构特性吸附在Si(111)表面，需要的最佳能量在10～20ev之间，进而通过对碰撞结果的讨论得到了改变轰击能量可以控制外延生长的结构的结论。     

铜固液两相共存系统的分子动力学模拟

基于Mishin势函数,用分子动力学方法模拟了金属铜的固液两相共存系统.在熔化过程中固液界面逐层推进,由collision-limited理论确定到零压下（001）表面熔点为1392.9±9.2 K,动力学系数为82.3 cm·s-1·K-1.