复杂性科学的研究纲领初探

复杂性科学是一个以复杂系统为研究对象,体系庞杂、内容丰富、方法独特的学科群。从总体上来说,复杂性科学应该纳入系统科学的体系中,属于系统科学的基础理论层次,是系统科学发展的第三阶段。     

试论复杂性研究兴起、现状及存在的问题

回顾了20世纪科学研宄历史的转换，在此基础上，分析了复杂性研究和复杂性科学兴起及当今复杂性科学研究的现状和存在的问题。     

The Management and Research of Geographical Names Using Geographical In for mation System

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分形：非线性科学理论、创新与实践

分形理论成型于20世纪70年代,乃是当代最重要的非线性科学理论分支之一。分形理论主要以自然和社会科学领域广泛存在的＂粗糙＂为研究对象,试图发掘不规则中存在的规则。分形理论的产生对人们的哲学观和方法论由线性科学领域渗入非线性科学领域产生了重大影响。本文简要介绍了分形理论的产生和发展及在我国的研究现状,然后对分形理论应用于资本市场做了系统分析。我们希望本文的基础讨论能为后续深入研究提供指引。     

First Line Steps in Requirements Identification for Guidelines Development in Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI)

Responsible research and innovation (RRI) considers the impact of research and development on those who are likely to be directly or indirectly impacted by those activities, and provides a direction for the future of research practices in science and technology for the greater good. In the practical world of the lab or research group therefore, guidelines to assist researchers and scientists in the application of those RRI principles are needed. However, this paper is not concerned with the creation of guidelines themselves, but presents an RRI approach to identifying the requirements for guidelines. This is a first step that is often overlooked or presented as a fait accompli and yet it provides an essential factor in the eventual success or failure of guidelines, created for any purpose. What is required in a set of guidelines however, is not only dictated by the preferred outcome, but is also reflected in the process of its creation. Therefore, an RRI approach to identifying those requirements should also practice what the resulting RRI guidelines preach. Whilst initially developed for the production of guidelines for researchers in an EU RRI project, these approaches and principles can be applied across all disciplines when a set of guidelines need to be developed. The approach taken here, utilized several steps in its implementation. Firstly, through a review of the literature and an examination of guideline development in several research projects, a set of indicative requirements were created. A workshop/focus group with researchers from a range of disciplines, career stages and institutions led to the production of the second iteration, which then received further input from both experts in the field of RRI, philosophy and ethics. This led to the creation of the table of requirements for guidelines. By utilizing the core principles of RRI and through a critical and reflexive approach, this work presents a new technique for identifying first line steps in the creation of guidelines. The practical and flexible nature of this approach means that researchers and policy-makers are invited to use this method in their own guideline development.     

A Design View on Research in Social Sciences

Research in social sciences has not had the same impact as research in natural sciences and several authors are critical of social science research methods. In order to elucidate this problem, the author analyzes the purpose of research in general and in social sciences in particular. The author makes reference to various research methods that are suggested and used in social sciences. Social science research differs from research in natural sciences. It differs not only in being dependent on actions of human individuals but also because systems in social sciences are a complex mixture of Hard and Soft systems. The paper argues that research in Human Activity Systems should focus on design. This view changes the research perspective and the demands on the research methods to be used. The author suggests a method based on focusing decision settings combined with Action Research.     

An outline of the varieties of the second-order systems sciences

The systems sciences are based on a universal language of systems which can be used within most academic disciplines in their endeavors for exploring the world. Currently, systems sciences cover a wide variety of different approaches like complex adaptive systems, resilient systems or systems engineering. One of the future extensions of the systems sciences comes through the applications of second-order systems science as a new field of reflexive studies on first-order systems science. This article provides a general background on the relations of first-order science and second-order science in general and then goes on to sketch a basic outline for the second-order systems sciences and their potentials for quality control and for innovations for the first-order systems sciences.     

C~3I系统理论评述

本文综述了C~3I系统研究中的主要问题与现状,讨论了该系统的建模、效能分析以及影响理论研究的几个因素,并对未来C~3I系统理论的主要问题、难点以及解决手段等进行了探讨。     

赵九章科学研究的系统性思想刍议

著名的"两弹一星"元勋赵九章是一位"领军型"的科学家。他不但是科学研究领域中的多面手,而且在在科技管理、科技攻关方面具有出色的能力。他系统性的科学研究思想今年看来仍没有过时,对今天的科技界仍颇具启发和借鉴意义。他的"任务带学科,学科促任务"的思想,他的教育与科研结合的思想,他立足生产实践的科研思想,以及"鸡爪变鸭掌"的系统性思想都是科学研究的宝贵精神财富。     

复杂科学的研究对象:非线性复杂系统

首先从系统科学的困境入手，以还原论、经验论及“纯科学”为基础的经典科学遇到难题需要吸取系统论和人精神方面发展成为新的科学即复杂科学。复杂科学的兴起是物质、生命和人类社会进化的必然。复杂科学以非线性复杂系统为研究对象，与自然科学、社会科学和思维等科学相结合，在特定的观测、实验和理论条件下，能够得到创新。     

系统科学与信息科学相结合的哲学思考

构造了信息传输系统、认知信息系统及社会信息系统模型。在此基础上，用信息和系统观点分析了自然物质世界演变、人类认知过程及人类社会发展进程中的一些基本问题，并提出了一些相应哲学问题的思考。强调系统科学与信息科学相结合的研究对丰富和发展辩证唯物主义哲学的重要意义。     

城市水环境承载力研究进展

城市水环境承载力作为衡量城市可持续发展的重要指标已成为水科学研究中的一个热点问题。在充分理解城市水环境承载力内涵的基础上,总结了城市水环境承载力的研究现状和进展,分别从城市水环境承载力研究的广度、研究思路、评价指标选取、研究方法、数学模型创建5个方面分析了取得的成果,并提出了目前水环境承载力研究中亟待解决的一些问题,进一步讨论了今后城市水环境承载力的研究重点。参21。     

我国科学技术发展的系统学分析

科学技术是一个大系统，耍充分发挥其“整体大于部分之和”的“剩余功能”，就必须保证科学技术系统自身的全面、协调发展，即自然科学与人文社会科学全面发展，基础研究、应用研究与发展研究协同统一，技术引进与自主创新统筹兼顾。     

不确定性系统预测理论的基本问题

论述了不确定性系统预测理论的基本概念及原理、预测特性及分类、预测的精度要求及评价标准、预测的指标体系及建模原理以及预测方法的基本问题 ,为建立适应时代发展需要的新型预测理论与方法奠定了基础 .     

复杂性科学几个新兴的应用研究方向

介绍了复杂性科学几个新兴的应用研究方向，包括人造复杂工程系统、国际安全与军备控制、电子信息系统等复杂系统中的复杂性问题。分析了各自的研究现状、需要解决的主要问题和未来的发展方向，并对其可能的研究方法和研究思路进行了讨论。复杂性科学的应用不仅使这几个领域的研究极有可能出现新的理论与技术突破，而且从这些应用领域提出的问题也将会进一步丰富复杂性科学的内涵，并推动复杂性科学的发展。     

Paradigmatic Road Blocks in Elementary School Science “Reform”: Reconsidering Nature-of-Science Teaching Within a Rational-Realist Milieu

Although governments espouse development in students of comprehensive science literacy, excessive teaching of achievements of science tends to compromise students' development of realistic conceptions about science and expertise for doing science. For most students, school science is like being chained inside Plato's cave, only able to experience and interpret the world of science from flickering, shadowy images. This can be particularly problematic for students in elementary schools, who may not be developmentally ready for abstract topics inherent to nature of science discussions and whose teachers tend to have low science self-efficacy beliefs. In the mainly qualitative ethnographic study of a 3-year, large-scale collaborative action research project reported here, a significant additional factor limiting students' access to more contemporary views about and realistic experiences with science, however, was government curriculum policy—which promotes highly idealized portrayals of and regulated experiences with science. Data and arguments for these claims are provided.     

多准则分级决策的扩展粗糙集方法

解决分级决策问题的方法主要涉及统计学、人工智能和运筹学等．粗糙集理论被证明是进行多属性决策分析的有利工具．但是，基于不可分辨关系或相似关系的传统粗糙集方法不适于解决带有准则的决策分析问题．因此，Greco等提出了一种扩展的粗糙集方法分析分级决策数据，该方法利用支配关系代替不可分辨关系对决策类进行粗糙近似．在此基础上，为了从决策数据中构造偏好模型，通过构造支配矩阵和支配函数计算最小决策规则．为了消除规则集中的冗余性，提出了规则化简的方法．此外，对基于规则的分级决策策略进行了研究.     

区域水土资源承载力研究进展

区域水土资源承载力作为水土资源紧缺地区制约社会经济发展的“瓶颈”因素,对其进行准确的分析与评价,可以为区域的可持续发展和实践科学发展观起到现实的指导作用。对区域水土资源承载力的基础理论、计算方法以及评价指标等的研究进展进行了综合论述,探讨了存在的问题和今后的发展方向。为区域水土资源承载力的进一步研究提供了参考。参36。     

绿色生产研究进展与展望:基于文献计量分析

基于比较视角理清绿色生产研究的演变路径、研究框架及趋势,并形成值得中国发展借鉴的"技术路径"和"发展模式"具有重要价值.本研究运用Citespace和VOSviewer软件,对1985-2018年Web of Science和中国知网收录的1082篇国际学者发表的英文文献、1513篇中国学者发表的中英文文献所呈现的关键词、主题等进行对比分析,结果发现:1)从发文量看,国际与中国绿色生产研究的发文量呈逐年上升趋势,自2008年起,中国绿色生产研究的发文量和上升趋势显著高于国际绿色生产研究.2)从高频关键词看,国际绿色生产研究多与工业绩效、可持续发展相联系;中国绿色生产研究与精益生产、循环低碳发展联系紧密.3)从研究热点看,国际绿色生产研究关注的是宏观+微观角度下的环境污染物质、污染治理、行为与治理主体多元化.中国绿色生产研究关注的是宏观视角下的发展战略、生产方式优化和"工业-环境-政策"一体化.4)从高频关键词聚类看,国际和中国绿色生产研究均可以基于"个体-组织-社会"系统逻辑视角呈现聚焦主题.国际绿色生产研究的主题为个体绿色态度与行为、工业技术发展与生态共生、绿色生产与可持续发展、政府监督与政策引导.中国绿色生产研究的主题为个体绿色消费、企业管理与审核、绿色生产与可持续发展和环保机构及相关法规制定.最后,本研究分别提出国际与中国绿色生产研究未来展望,以期为绿色生产实践提供借鉴.     

面向对象程序设计及其应用

本文比较详细地介绍了面向对象程序设计的产生、基本概念和基本特征,对几种主要的面向对象程序设计语言作了评述,并指出了面向对象程序设计比其传统程序设计具有的优越性,从系统科学角度提出了面向对象程序设计方法,最后从四个方面对面向对象程序设计的应用作了展望。