黑洞物理学的若干问题

本文讨论拉普拉斯黑洞理论,广义相对论的黑洞解,黑洞量子力学和黑洞热力学。对黑洞物理学的若干问题,特别是黑洞热力学中的问题,进行较详细的讨论,最后讨论了最近的动态、作者的工作和可能值得进一步探讨的问题.     

黑洞量子理论的哲学意义

黑洞是爱因斯坦引力理论和时空结构的必然产物,是物理学中的一个奇特概念。1915年爱因斯坦提出广义相对论,为黑洞说的形成奠定了理论基础。其后德国人施瓦茨希尔计算出爱斯坦广义相对论复杂场方程的一个解:对于质量M相当于一个太阳的天体,其半径坍缩到3公里以内时,就会形成黑洞。目前,黑洞已经不仅仅是预言中的纯理论概念了;大多数天文学家和物理学家认为,宇宙中既然存在白矮星、中子星,如     

关于黑洞(BH)的热力学理论

黑洞(the Black—HoIe)热力学,是近十年才发展起来的一门新学科,是当前天体物理学理论研究的前沿学科之一,它与其同时发展起来的黑洞量子力学一起,共同组成了现代黑洞物理学。本文回顾了到目前为止黑洞热力学的发展历史,分析了它现在存在的困难和不足之处,同时提出了关于发展黑洞热力学的一些新设想。     

星际物质对动态球对称带电黑洞非热辐射影响的研究

恒星内部依次进行的核反应促使恒星不断地演化 ,恒星演化到晚期的归宿将成为白矮星、中子星或黑洞 ,如果核能耗尽的晚期恒星经过物质抛射过程后的质量大于 3倍太阳质量 ,则简并的中子压力也将抵档不住引力的坍缩 ,星体将继续坍缩成黑洞 .自 1 974年Ｈａｗｋｉｎｇ提出任何黑洞都会产生辐射以来 ,人们为了探测黑洞进行了一系列的研究工作[1～ 4] .在理论研究方面 ,对稳态黑洞和动态黑洞的研究 ,特别是在对动态黑洞的热辐射和非热辐射研究方面取得的结果 ,促进了黑洞物理学的研究与发展 .在观测方面 ,自 2 0世纪 70年代以来 ,人们用各种可能的…     

事件视界的碰撞与喷流

事件视界的碰撞与喷流赵峥，张建华北京师范大学物理学系，１００８７５，北京；菏泽教育学院物理学系，２７４０１６，山东菏泽；第一作５３９岁，男，教授）关键词黑洞；视界；Ｈａｗｋｉｎｇ效应；第三定律分类号Ｐ１４５．８变加速直线运动的Ｋｉｎｎｅｒｓｌｅｙ黑洞...     

1＋1维动态黑洞的热效应

１＋１维动态黑洞的热效应赵峥，赵仁（北京师范大学物理学系，１００８７５，北京；第一作者５１岁，男，教授）关键词动态黑洞；热效应；１＋１维时空；乌龟坐标分类号Ｐ１４５．８近来，对１＋１维时空热性质和量子性质的研究越来越引起人们的兴趣［１］．我们已对用爱...     

黑洞与白洞的理论及其哲学意义

现代天体物理学及宇宙学中若干根本问题的解决,都离不开黑洞和白洞理论的参与。而黑洞白洞理论的发展,特别是奇点和结构问题的提出,又给物理学和哲学带来许多困难问题。我们认为,这些问题正预示着理论物理学将面临一场新的革命,预示着哲学也将发生深刻的变革.本文在讨论黑洞白洞理论预言、检验方法的基础上,侧重分析了奇性困难对变革物理学和哲学的启示。顺便讨论了一下“超弦理论”对克服这些困难的可能性和局限,以及“耗散结构理论”对黑洞理论的改建工作具有的意义。     

引力坍缩 黑洞

黑洞物理学,作为广义相对论的应用发展,近年来人们对它的研究十分感兴趣.这里面涉及的内容很多,本文拟就史瓦西里洞作一概述,并从球对称引力坍缩的计算,说明黑洞形成的可能性.     

宇宙中存在“无限”吗

从圆周率到微积分，从黑洞难题到超弦理论 人类在很早的时候就有了“无限”的概念，并对它怀有特殊的感情。无论在哲学上还是在宗教上，关于这种“绝不可能达到的某种境界”的无限概念早就已经占有十分重要的位置。然而，无限概念对于人类能够产生的最大影响，却是到了近代。这一概念极大地推动了数学和物理学的发展。     

黑洞的能量和从黑洞中提取能量的极限

近代物理学的理论证明,在广漠无垠的宇宙中存在着某些非常奇特的时空区域,这些时空区域,象神话中的无底洞,而且是绝对黑的。所以物理学家称这些时空区域为黑洞。黑洞是宇宙中大个的恒星(其质量大于三倍的太阳质量),在自身引力作用下,经坍缩演化而成。一个kerr黑洞只要用两个参量——质量M和角动量J,就能描写它的所有特性。这就是说,黑洞除了质量和角动量以外,再也不存在任何细节上的差异,它已经丧失了其他所     

电磁扰动下Kerr-Newman黑洞的拟正则模

对黑洞周围场的拟正则模的研究有助于证实黑洞的存在和揭示其内部性质．选取Kerr—Newman黑洞作为研究对象,以电磁场作为初始扰动场,运用数值模拟方法给出若干客观的图像,并分析、讨论黑洞的不同参量对拟正则模的影响．     

黑洞的热辐射

从热力学和量子力学的角度证明了黑洞具有温度，黑洞能辐射出能量，即黑洞具有““热辐射““，而且在有的情况下辐射是非常强烈的．     

Two ten-billion-solar-mass black holes at the centres of giant elliptical galaxies

Observational work conducted over the past few decades indicates that all massive galaxies have supermassive black holes at their centres. Although the luminosities and brightness fluctuations of quasars in the early Universe suggest that some were powered by black holes with masses greater than 10 billion solar masses, the remnants of these objects have not been found in the nearby Universe. The giant elliptical galaxy Messier 87 hosts the hitherto most massive known black hole, which has a mass of 6.3 billion solar masses. Here we report that NGC 3842, the brightest galaxy in a cluster at a distance from Earth of 98 megaparsecs, has a central black hole with a mass of 9.7 billion solar masses, and that a black hole of comparable or greater mass is present in NGC 4889, the brightest galaxy in the Coma cluster (at a distance of 103 megaparsecs). These two black holes are significantly more massive than predicted by linearly extrapolating the widely used correlations between black-hole mass and the stellar velocity dispersion or bulge luminosity of the host galaxy. Although these correlations remain useful for predicting black-hole masses in less massive elliptical galaxies, our measurements suggest that different evolutionary processes influence the growth of the largest galaxies and their black holes.     

极端黑洞热力学研究的现状和未来

概括了近年来极端黑洞热力学研究的主要结果,面临的挑战以及一些解决方案,在对极端黑洞的热力学和几何性质进行深入研究后,指出自然界中存在两种拓扑性质完全不同的极端黑洞,一种是Hawking提出的具有极端拓扑的极端黑洞,它的熵是零,另一种极端黑洞保留了非极端黑洞的拓扑,它的熵仍然可用Bekenstein-Hawking公式描述,此结论解决了近年来极端黑洞研究中Hawking学派和弦理论家之间的矛盾,解决了Hawking学派和黑洞相变理论的矛盾。     

Supermassive black holes do not correlate with dark matter haloes of galaxies

Supermassive black holes have been detected in all galaxies that contain bulge components when the galaxies observed were close enough that the searches were feasible. Together with the observation that bigger black holes live in bigger bulges, this has led to the belief that black-hole growth and bulge formation regulate each other. That is, black holes and bulges coevolve. Therefore, reports of a similar correlation between black holes and the dark matter haloes in which visible galaxies are embedded have profound implications. Dark matter is likely to be non-baryonic, so these reports suggest that unknown, exotic physics controls black-hole growth. Here we show, in part on the basis of recent measurements of bulgeless galaxies, that there is almost no correlation between dark matter and parameters that measure black holes unless the galaxy also contains a bulge. We conclude that black holes do not correlate directly with dark matter. They do not correlate with galaxy disks, either. Therefore, black holes coevolve only with bulges. This simplifies the puzzle of their coevolution by focusing attention on purely baryonic processes in the galaxy mergers that make bulges.     

Supermassive black holes do not correlate with galaxy disks or pseudobulges

The masses of supermassive black holes are known to correlate with the properties of the bulge components of their host galaxies. In contrast, they seem not to correlate with galaxy disks. Disk-grown 'pseudobulges' are intermediate in properties between bulges and disks; it has been unclear whether they do or do not correlate with black holes in the same way that bulges do. At stake in this issue are conclusions about which parts of galaxies coevolve with black holes, possibly by being regulated by energy feedback from black holes. Here we report pseudobulge classifications for galaxies with dynamically detected black holes and combine them with recent measurements of velocity dispersions in the biggest bulgeless galaxies. These data confirm that black holes do not correlate with disks and show that they correlate little or not at all with pseudobulges. We suggest that there are two different modes of black-hole feeding. Black holes in bulges grow rapidly to high masses when mergers drive gas infall that feeds quasar-like events. In contrast, small black holes in bulgeless galaxies and in galaxies with pseudobulges grow as low-level Seyfert galaxies. Growth of the former is driven by global processes, so the biggest black holes coevolve with bulges, but growth of the latter is driven locally and stochastically, and they do not coevolve with disks and pseudobulges.     

Black hole growth in the early Universe is self-regulated and largely hidden from view

The formation of the first massive objects in the infant Universe remains impossible to observe directly and yet it sets the stage for the subsequent evolution of galaxies. Although some black holes with masses more than 10(9) times that of the Sun have been detected in luminous quasars less than one billion years after the Big Bang, these individual extreme objects have limited utility in constraining the channels of formation of the earliest black holes; this is because the initial conditions of black hole seed properties are quickly erased during the growth process. Here we report a measurement of the amount of black hole growth in galaxies at redshift z = 6-8 (0.95-0.7 billion years after the Big Bang), based on optimally stacked, archival X-ray observations. Our results imply that black holes grow in tandem with their host galaxies throughout cosmic history, starting from the earliest times. We find that most copiously accreting black holes at these epochs are buried in significant amounts of gas and dust that absorb most radiation except for the highest-energy X-rays. This suggests that black holes grew significantly more during these early bursts than was previously thought, but because of the obscuration of their ultraviolet emission they did not contribute to the re-ionization of the Universe.     

Active galactic nuclei as scaled-up Galactic black holes

A long-standing question is whether active galactic nuclei (AGN) vary like Galactic black hole systems when appropriately scaled up by mass. If so, we can then determine how AGN should behave on cosmological timescales by studying the brighter and much faster varying Galactic systems. As X-ray emission is produced very close to the black holes, it provides one of the best diagnostics of their behaviour. A characteristic timescale--which potentially could tell us about the mass of the black hole--is found in the X-ray variations from both AGN and Galactic black holes, but whether it is physically meaningful to compare the two has been questioned. Here we report that, after correcting for variations in the accretion rate, the timescales can be physically linked, revealing that the accretion process is exactly the same for small and large black holes. Strong support for this linkage comes, perhaps surprisingly, from the permitted optical emission lines in AGN whose widths (in both broad-line AGN and narrow-emission-line Seyfert 1 galaxies) correlate strongly with the characteristic X-ray timescale, exactly as expected from the AGN black hole masses and accretion rates. So AGN really are just scaled-up Galactic black holes.     

动态轴对称黑洞的蒸发

把对动态黑洞量子热效应的研究推广到用（ｔ，ｒ）坐标锚述的时空，进一步发展了研究动态黑洞的乌龟坐标方法，给出了动态轴对称黑洞的视界位置和温度以及热谱，这类动态黑洞的视界面是一个随时间变化的椭球面，Ｈａｗｋｉｎｇ温度不仅随时间变化，而且与角度有关。     

量子R—N黑洞系统的微正则系综统计

应用微正则系综理论,对大量的量子R—N黑洞组成的系综进行研究,其主要的结论是,在高能极限下,体系最可能的结构为一个黑洞将获得体系全部的质量和所有的电荷,带电荷不会破坏黑洞的统计“自举”条件．