改进BP神经网络在管道泄漏检测中的应用

管道泄漏检测和定位在管道的安全生产中占有重要的位置.本文将用小波包分解技术提取的管道泄漏检测系统特征信号作为神经网络的输入,建立管道运行状态的神经网络分类器,根据输出对管道的运行状态进行识别.利用小波变换特性提取压力传感器的信号奇异点,根据负压力波定位法对管道泄漏点定位,仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性.     

管道泄漏源定位中最优小波基变换研究

针对压力管道通孔型泄漏源互相关定位的声发射（AE）信号降噪问题,进行了小波变换系数重构泄漏信号的最优小波基的选取工作。首先分析了管道通孔型泄漏信号的声学特性;然后使用短时傅立叶变换分析了泄漏声发射事件的发生时间,用于获得其在该时间段内的基本时域波形,同时对比基本时域波形与标准小波基的相似性删选出合适的小波基;进一步,通过分析小波变换定位泄漏声发射事件的频率分布确定最优小波基。同时考虑到声速对定位管道泄漏的影响,对管道声速进行现场测量标定。最后以最佳小波基的小波变换系数作为重构信号开展基于互相关的定位实验。实验结果表明,选择横波的波速作为管道检测的声速时,最佳小波基为“morlet”的小波变换系数作为重构信号能够很好地剔除噪声提高管道定位精度。     

基于多传感器融合的埋地输水管道泄漏声发射定位方法

针对无裸露埋地输水管道泄漏源定位难度大、精度差的问题,利用声发射技术,基于贪心策略思想与声发射波衰减理论,构建了多传感器融合策略的埋地输水管道泄漏源定位算法。通过搭建埋地输水管道泄漏模拟试验平台,开展埋地输水管道泄漏试验,对泄漏源定位算法进行验证。试验结果表明：该算法应用贪心策略思想优化了泄漏源检测区域,结合声发射多传感器融合分析,实现了埋地输水管道泄漏源精准定位,定位点平均误差为6.52%,定位区域面积占检测面积3.79%。所提出的埋地管道泄漏源定位方法,能够实现输水管道位置未知情况下泄漏源的精确定位,有效提高泄漏源定位的工作效率,可为埋地供水管网泄漏源定位提供理论和方法基础。     

基于小波包分析的声发射源定位方法

通过用小波和小波包对声发射信号进行分解,研究了声发射信号的频散现象,探讨了频散现象与声发射源距传感器距离的关系.为消除声速测量偏差给声发射系统带来的定位误差,利用该关系和在薄板中传播的Lamb波的频散现象,提出了一种在不知道发射源声速的情况下进行声发射源定位的新方法,且不必增加传感器的数量.以铅笔芯折断产生信号为模拟源进行了试验验证.结果表明,该方法可以比较准确地确定声发射源的位置,而且理论值与实际值相差很小.     

管道泄漏检测中两个难点问题的研究进展

管道泄漏常常造成环境污染、财产损失和人员伤亡,由于其发生的隐蔽性,对管道泄漏的及时识别与准确定位具有重要的现实意义,但在检测中存在两个问题目前并没有得到很好地解决,即管道泄漏声发射应力波的频散问题、管网泄漏的检测成本（时间成本、传感器数目等）和检测精度之间的矛盾问题。本文围绕这两个问题,分别重点介绍了“管道泄漏模态声发射检测（连续型、突发型）”以及“管网泄漏检测（泄漏源定段、传感器布置、算法）”的国内外研究现状,梳理了众多文献间的区别和联系。最后分析了当前研究的不足,并对这两个问题的未来研究方向做出了展望。     

基于鲸鱼优化算法的变分模态分解和改进的自适应加权融合算法的管道泄漏检测与定位方法

针对管道泄漏检测与定位方法存在负压波传播衰减、噪声干扰大、数据融合率低等3种问题,提出了基于鲸鱼优化算法(whale optimization algorithm, WOA)的变分模态分解(variational modal decomposition, VMD)和改进的自适应加权融合算法(improved adaptive weighted fusion, IAWF)的管道泄漏检测与定位方法。该方法提出了三传感器泄漏检测与定位模型,并利用抗干扰能力强的WOA-VMD算法对原始信号进行消噪处理;然后采用小波分析求消噪信号的奇异点,进一步求出压力变送器检测到负压波信号的时间差;在此基础上,利用改进的自适应加权融合算法对多传感器数据进行融合,最终得到泄漏点的实际位置。实验结果表明：该方法可以有效地滤除噪声分量,获得更精确的融合结果,定位精度高,相对定位误差可以控制在1%以内,为管道泄漏检测与定位提供了一种新方法。     

声发射检测技术在管道泄漏信号识别中的应用

对基于声发射技术的管道泄漏检测这一新方法进行了实验研究。从声发射技术的基本理论入手,分析了声发射技术的特点及检测原理,掌握了声发射信号的分析处理方法及源定位技术,然后进一步将声发射检测技术应用于输油管道的泄漏检测,建立了管道泄漏声发射检测模型,并建立了两种泄漏定位模型。对整个检测系统进行了设计,并进行了管道泄漏声发射实验,对管道泄漏声发射信号的特征进行了分析和提取,为进一步的实验研究及现场应用打下基础。     

石灰岩声发射频谱特性演化及破裂阶段识别

为获得石灰岩受压破裂阶段声发射识别信息,开展石灰岩单轴压缩声发射试验,获得加载全过程的声发射特征参数及其波形信息,首先结合石灰岩应力与累积能量走势的特征选取 5 个岩石加载破坏过程中的关键点。通过频谱分析与小波包分析,找到石灰岩声发射频谱特征变化规律,获得适合的破裂阶段识别信息;其次利用小波包分解所提取的频带能量占比训练 BP 神经网络,为岩石破裂阶段预警提供双 重保证。研究结果表明：主频值整体呈现先上升后下降的趋势,频谱宽度变化为 200 kHz-300 kHz-200 kHz,频率由单一低频转化为低高频并存后又恢复单一低频;低频高幅为频谱特征的一种主要形态存在;小波包分解将信号频率分为 8 个频段,可将 1、2 低频段之和小于 30%的信号作为特征点,进行岩石破裂预测;以该特征点为界将石灰岩声发射信号划分为两类,训练后的 BP 神经网络能够实现这两类信号的快速准确识别与分类,对于预测岩石破裂阶段有一定价值。     

大型常压储罐底板的声发射在线检测

基于大型常压立式金属储罐底板在线声发射检测及定位的原理,针对声发射检测过程中因声源性质不明确导致的罐底完整性评价结果不准确的问题,采用小波分析方法对罐底声发射信号进行了分解．通过提取声发射信号在不同小波分解频带上的特征频谱系数,与声发射波形参数共同作为BP神经网络学习样本集的特征向量,对神经网络的模式识别性能进行了优化．采用该神经网络对罐底裂纹、腐蚀、泄漏、机械噪声和电磁噪声等不同性质的声发射源进行判别时,其正确识别率均在90％以上,使基于声发射在线检测技术的储罐底板结构完整性评价技术更趋于完善和实用化．     

供水管道在线泄露检测方法

针对水管泄漏检测难度大,提出了"节点式"光纤Bragg光栅声发射传感器安置方法,即将声发射传感器放在两段管道的节点处,对漏水的声发射信号进行收集,进而来判断水管的泄露程度.同时对声发射传感器进行了金属化封装,在实验室建立了供水管道的供水模型,在实验室进行模拟,采用声发射传感器采集声发射信号,对信号进行分析处理.实验结果表明:该检测系统能够详细提供供水系统的声发射信息分布情况,对漏水点实现准确报警,克服了以往声传感器在收集声发射信息过程中衰减和无法实现长距离传输的弊端.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that