海岸侵蚀、防护与修复研究综述

海岸带是固、液、气三相交互的特殊地带,也是经济发达、人口稠密和矛盾突出的地带。人与海岸线的矛盾日益突出,加剧了海岸侵蚀的破坏程度,与此带来的一系列问题引起了诸多学者的探索和研究。本文旨在结合国内外最新的研究成果介绍砂质海岸、软岩质海岸和淤泥质海岸的侵蚀机制,并剖析侵蚀的原因及危害,给出对应的防护与修复方法,重点阐述生态防护与修复方法,从研究方法与手段等方面给出相应的思考,对今后的侵蚀研究和修复工作进行展望。     

蓬莱市域西北部沿海现代海岸侵蚀灾害研究

分析了蓬莱市域西北部沿海现代海岸侵蚀的特点，认为海岸组成物质松散与海洋动力作用强烈是本区现代海岸侵蚀的基本条件，人为活动是关键因素，提出了减轻海岸侵蚀灾害的综合规划与沿海堤防建设等减灾对策。     

中国闽粤沿海现代海平面上升的海岸地貌响应

根据广东珠海淇澳岛东澳湾、高栏岛飞沙、福建晋江深沪湾等地海岸地貌与海滩沉积特征的野外观察与实验分析,确认闽粤沿海存在明显的海岸侵蚀后退现象,具体表现为:海岸线向陆迁移,海湾内早期陆相冲积物遭受波浪侵蚀,岬角岸段早期海蚀龛被现代海滩沉积物掩埋,海岸沙丘物源区被海水吞蚀,古海岸沙丘遭受波浪侵蚀并被现代海滩沉积物覆盖,海滩沉积物呈现粗化和角砾化特征等.这些地貌与沉积现象是海岸地貌对海平面上升的响应,它们的存在说明海平面上升是引起研究区海岸侵蚀后退的主要原因,同时也是海平面上升的地貌与沉积标志.     

海南岛沙质海岸侵蚀的初步研究

海南岛沙质海岸侵蚀明显，通过野外调查、定位测量及图件对比，对该类海岸的侵蚀状况及侵蚀原因进行了初步分析与探讨。     

全球气候变化背景下我国海岸侵蚀问题及防范对策

从区域构造背景、海岸侵蚀的表现形式、海岸侵蚀主要原因和面临挑战等方面对中国海岸侵蚀的特点做出概括性论述,并着重从海面变化与海岸侵蚀,以及风暴浪潮与海岸侵蚀之间的关系讨论了全球气候变化对我国沿海海岸侵蚀的影响态势.认为中国海岸侵蚀风险对气候变化的响应具有明显的区域性差异,全球气候变化对海岸侵蚀的影响研究与预测是一项系统工程,它涉及“全球系统”的自然环境、社会经济、沿岸工程与规划等各方面的因素.应对全球气候变暖,海岸侵蚀持续加强的严峻形势,从加强基础理论研究,防治技术研究,健全管理系统和强化法制机制等方面提出了今后我国海岸侵蚀防范建议.     

河口海岸侵蚀研究进展

从岸滩侵蚀的过程和机理、侵蚀模式-模型、侵蚀管理和保护对策等三个方面介绍了国内外近10多年来河口海岸侵蚀研究的进展,并以典型事例分析了我国日益严峻的河口海岸侵蚀状况.在此基础上提出了深入开展我国河口海岸侵蚀研究的四点建议：加强对人为因素引起的侵蚀的研究;把岸与滩和岸与槽的侵蚀结合起来研究;高度重视三个大三角洲岸滩侵蚀研究;加强现场观测.     

黑土地切沟侵蚀的成因与危害

探讨了黑土地切沟侵蚀的成因，如地形、降水、土壤、植被以及人为等因素，还从土地资源、社会资源以及治理费用高昂等角度详细分析了切沟侵蚀的危害性，提出要深入研究切沟侵蚀发生发展规律，以期更好的防治模式．     

坦桑尼亚某海湾管道工程海岸滑坡与防治

海岸滑坡和侵蚀的存在严重影响着管道工程的稳定性,根据多种地球物理勘察手段的识别,查明坦桑尼亚某海湾管道路由区有海岸滑坡、海岸侵蚀、砂土液化和软土震陷等不良地质作用。结合地形、地层、海洋水动力条件等因素,对滑动机理进行综合分析;在分别考虑潮位和不考虑潮位作用下,采用极限平衡理论结合数值模拟分析进行稳定性评价。研究得出:海岸滑坡是第三层淤泥质粉质黏土层液化所导致的,是滑坡向海岸后退式(牵引)滑动的结果。基于滑动原因给出管道改线和防治措施,对海岸滑坡的定性评价有很好的补充,为海岸滑坡的整治提供了科学依据。     

芝罘岛北岸现代海岸侵蚀及其对旅游环境的影响

对芝罘岛北岸婆婆口附近现代海岸侵蚀进行了研究，提出了加强海岸管理，移砂造滩等防治对策。     

山东半岛和黄河三角洲的海岸侵蚀与防治对策

 海岸侵蚀是一种渐进式或突发式的特殊海洋地质灾害。山东半岛和黄河三角洲分布有粉砂淤泥质海岸、砂质海岸、基岩海岸、黄土台地海岸等类型的海岸。近几十年来,山东半岛和黄河三角洲海岸受河流改道与入海河流输沙量减少、海面上升、风暴潮等自然因素及在河流上游建设水库拦蓄泥沙、沿岸挖沙及海滩采沙、不合理的海岸工程建设、海岸湿地植被和防护林破坏、不合理的滨海旅游项目建设等人为因素的影响,发生了普遍而严重的海岸侵蚀。对此,本文提出了加强海岸带开发管理,严禁海岸带非法采沙,人工海滩补沙,建海堤、丁坝和离岸堤,实施岬控工程和恢复、重建退化海岸盐沼湿地等防治海岸侵蚀的措施。     

涠洲岛珊瑚岸礁的沉积特征

涠洲岛珊瑚岸礁发育根基于火山岩,除了冬、春的低温影响外,环境因素是适合于珊瑚生长的。在岸礁区有两个沉积带:珊瑚生成带和火山岩海底礁坪。陆地的有机废物移到海底而珊瑚移到陆地,但在水能和环境的影响下,它们形成混合沉积,这种沉积主要分布在岸礁的平面和海滩底部。由于属于岸礁形成早期,涠洲岛约从3100年前就一直不断生长,涠洲岛的海滩岩石位于高于海平面5米的位置。     

海坛湾龙凤头海滩养护工程方案

福建海坛湾龙凤头海滩宽阔,沙粒细小.20世纪末,由于人工海堤等的修建,导致海滩侵蚀严重,干滩宽度迅速缩小.如何保护沙滩,防止进一步退化变得尤为重要.为解决海滩侵蚀问题,2011年开展了海坛湾沙滩养护一期试验工程,滩肩补沙后海滩侵蚀仍很严重,4个月后岸线平均后退11m,最大后退量31m.为解决此问题,提出采取滩肩补沙和实体工程结合的海滩养护方案.运用Generalized Model of Simulating Shoreline Change(GENESIS)建立了龙凤头海滩岸线演变模型,并通过海滩养护一期工程实测资料进行模型率定和验证,模拟值和实测值验证良好.采用验证后的模型,分别模拟了不同新工程方案对岸线演变的影响,并比较分析了方案实施后岸线的演变.结果表明,龙凤头海滩北侧和南侧各增加一个近岸防波堤对研究岸段起到保护作用最为明显,但岸线仍会受到一定程度的侵蚀,可以结合工程后期季节性补沙措施进行防护.     

Twenty-five years of change in scleractinian coral communities of Daya Bay （northern South China Sea） and its response to the 2008 AD extreme cold climate event

Coral reefs worldwide are becoming increasingly and detrimentally impacted upon by a variety of factors including significant climate changes, such as global warming and increased El Nino-Southern Oscillation activity. Generally, the persistence of coral reefs, especially at low-latitudes, is governed, in part, by sea surface temperatures not exceeding the critical limit （-30℃） at which mass mortality can occur. Thus, it is thought that corals living at high-latitudes （i.e., currently cooler sea surface temperatures） will likely respond more favourably to hypothesized future temperature increases than corals living at low-latitudes （i.e., currently warmer sea surface temperatures）. Consequently, high-latitude coral communities may have the potential to act as regions of refugia for many coral species in the face of potential future global warming. The Daya Bay （22°31′--22°50′N）, northern South China Sea, contains several high-latitude non-reefal coral communities and represents one of the most northerly distributions of scleractinian corals within the region. Significantly, Daya Bay has experienced dramatic warming in both air and sea surface temperatures throughout the past 50 years. In this paper, we analyze 25 years of change in the Daya Bay coral communities, based both on historic surveys and our latest 2006--2008 regional ecological surveys. Our results suggest that, contrary to predictions, there have been significant declines in coral cover within the Daya Bay during the past 25 years （i.e., 76.6% coral cover in 1983/1984 to only 15.3% coral cover by 2008）. Such changes also reflect a significant shift in the most abundant coral species, from Acropora pruinosa to Favites abdita. Most of the modern coral communities became established between 15 and 30 years ago, corresponding to a period of increased winter sea surface temperature. However, very few colonies have become established within the last 15 years, despite a more intense period of warming. By taking into account additional factors, we hypothesize that direct anthropogenic impacts, rather than climatic events, have both restricted the development, and drove the decline, of Daya Bay coral communities in the last 15 years. The Daya Bay has also been subjected to occasional extreme cold events during the past 50 years, with the most recent occurring in early 2008 （13 January-13 February）. During the 2008 cold event, the lowest air temperature reaches only 6.6℃, and the mean sea surface temperature for February fall to 〈 14℃, including six continuous days at 12.3℃. Significantly, the sea surface temperatures fall below the hypothesized critical lower temperature threshold （-13℃） that commonly leads to mass mortality in scleractinian coral communities. Surprisingly, our coral community surveys, conducted both before （August 2007） and after （late February 2008） the extreme 2008 cold event, demonstrate that the Daya Bay coral ecosystems are barely impacted upon during the cold period. Those observations suggest that the Daya Bay scleractinian coral communities have developed adaptations to low sea surface temperatures. Overall, our data support the hypothesis that high-latitude coral communities, such as Daya Bay, have the potential to act as areas of refugia for scleractinian corals in the advent of potential future global warming.     

兴化湾工程建设对周边海域水沙环境影响

基于实测水文泥沙资料,建立和验证了兴化湾海域大小嵌套的二维潮流泥沙数学模型;模型与实测结果在水动力泥沙方面吻合,验证结果良好。以兴化湾港口规划工程为例,运用所建模型分析相关工程实施对周边海域水沙环境影响。结果表明:规划工程实施后,湾内流速局部有所调整;但变化范围和幅度均相对有限。采用断面潮量计算方法,得出工程前后湾内纳潮量中潮期间减小15%,大潮期间则为13. 1%; 1个月后,湾内水体交换率均在40%以上,与天然条件相比,交换率减小了6. 8%;工程后湾内含沙量仍保持了较低的状态;同时受近岸区滩涂围垦影响,使浅海区再悬浮泥沙来源减少,导致南侧海域含沙量有所降低。研究成果为兴化湾海域科学合理的规划布局提供一定的参考。     

广西海岸沙滩红树林的生态研究Ⅰ：海岸沙丘移动及其对白骨壤的危害

广西北海大冠沙红树林为开阔沙滩白骨壤林。为了解沙丘移动的规律及其对红树林的危害，从１９９２年４月到１９９５年７月对一处于发育初期的活跃沙丘进行实地观测。结果表明，３０多年前沙丘才开始在林内发育和移动。沙丘高可达８８ｃｍ，每年移动１２．６４ｍ，在４～７月大潮期移动尤其迅速。沙丘在３．２５年面积扩大了２．４４倍。研究样地白骨壤植株高４９．５～６７．９ｃｍ，８６％的植株因被沙丘埋没而死亡。在埋没过程中存活下来的植株继续受侵蚀、呼吸根上的固着动物和人为活动的危害。沙丘的移动引起白骨壤林的明显退失和生境的分化。     

Coral community changes in response to a high sedimentation event: A case study in southern Hainan Island

A high sedimentation event caused by dredging and dumping of sediment was recorded on Xiaodonghai Reef in Yulin Bay,southern Hainan Island,China.Significantly high sedimentation and constant light shading were observed during the sediment dumping event(SD Event).Using long-term video transects,we quantified coral community changes and responses to the SD Event between 2008 and 2010.The SD Event caused severe coral mortality on Xiaodonghai Reef at a depth of 6 m,while corals at 3 m were less affected.Total live coral cover at 6 m decreased from 54.3% to 14.8%,and Diploastrea heliopora replaced Galaxea fascicularis as the dominant coral species at 6 and 9 m.The density of juvenile corals also declined after the SD Event,especially for the genera Galaxea and Platygyra.However,the density of juvenile Porites and Pocillopora spp.slightly increased.Monitoring for 11 months after the SD Event indicated no recovery of coral communities on Xiaodonghai Reef.Long-term video transect data also revealed that mean live coral cover dramatically declined,from 30.5% in 2008 to 9% in 2010,while the dominant corals in Yulin Bay shifted to more tolerant coral species,such as massive Porites spp.and D.heliopora.The rapid coral community degradation in Yulin Bay between 2008 and 2010 was probably caused by high sediment deposition resulting from intensive dredging and land-clearing activities.These results highlight the necessity for an integrated watershed management to control sediment deposition on near-shore coral reefs.     

广西海岸沙滩红树林的生态研究Ⅰ:海岸沙丘移动及其对白骨壤的危害

广西北海大冠沙红树林为开阔沙滩白骨壤林。为了解沙丘移动的规律及其对红树林的危害，从１９９２年４月至１９９５年７月对一处于发育初斯的沙丘进行实地观测。结果表明，３０多年前沙丘才开始在林内发育和移动。沙丘高可达８８ｃｍ，每年移动１２．６４ｍ，在４－７月大潮期移动尤其迅速。沙丘在３．２５年面积扩大了２．４４倍。研究样地白骨壤植侏高４９．５－６７．９ｃｍ，８６％的植株因被沙丘埋没而死亡。在埋没过程中存活下     

盐度对铺地黍叶片中脯氨酸积累的影响

自然生长的海滩铺地黍叶片中的脯氨酸（Pro)含量比水湿地植株高36％（以下重计）。在50－400mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,移栽后的两种植株中Pro含量均随盐度的增加而增加,尤其是在原生长于海滩的植株中。盐胁迫下,Pro在游离总氨基酸组成中的比例也相应地提高,其余氨基酸的变化程度则较小。然而,Pro积累并没有导致海滩铺地黍对盐胁迫耐性的增加。     

大亚湾核电站概率风险分析

大亚湾核电站的概率风险分析（ＰＲＡ）项目于１９９８年１２月通过了国际原子能机构（ＩＡＥＡ）的同行评审,ＩＡＥＡ专家对大亚湾核电站的ＰＲＡ给予了充分的肯定,认为大亚湾核电站在ＰＲＡ领域已建立了良好的基础,本文介绍了大亚湾核电站最新的一级概率风险分析结果．     

南沙群岛封闭环礁空间结构的遥感信息与数学模型

阐述了造礁珊瑚生长发育的诸多条件,形成珊瑚环礁的地质背景与漫长的历史过程,珊瑚环礁的地貌特征与环境动力条件的密切关系,依据珊瑚环礁发育的规律及其表观的光谱响应特征,建立了封闭环环礁空间结构的数学模型,此模型与印证的结果是理想的,对于南沙群岛大片航行危险地带和暂不能入区进行研究有着重要的意义。