Zur Theorie des Föhns

Ohne ZusammenfassungOlten, den 9. November 1947.     

Neuere Ergebnisse über die Raumstruktur der Tropanalkaloide

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Beobachtungen über die Phototaxis und die Thermotaxis des blinden HöhlenfischesCaecobarbus geertsi Blgr (Cyprinidae)

Résumé L'observation de la phototaxie et de la thermotaxie du poisson aveugleCaecobarbus geertsi Blgr (Cyprinidae) dans son environnement naturel montre qu'il existe certaines différences entre les réactions des formes jeunes et celles des formes plus âgées. Observées pendant le jour sur le gradient d'éclairement situé à l'entrée de la grotte occupée par les poissons, les formes jeunes restent indifférentes à l'excitation de la lumière solaire, tandis que les formes plus âgées manifestent une phototaxie négative lorsque l'éclairement atteint environ 8 lx. Observés la nuit, tous les poissons de la population étudiée, quel que soit leur degré de développement, se maintiennent à l'intérieur d'une zone thermique dont le minimum se situe entre 22,8° et 21,8° C. Quelques hypothèses sont proposées pour tenter d'expliquer ces phénomènes.     

Untersuchungen über die Nikotinbildung des Tabaks

Summary During germination the tobacco seedling produces nicotine from proteins accumulated in the seed. Later on the nicotine formation of the growing tobacco plant is dependent on the protein synthesis in its root. The comparison of theprotein production by the tobacco root with thenicotine content of the whole plant shows an interesting parallelism.     

Neuere Auffassungen über den Mechanismus der Blutgerinnung

Summary The most important facts and conceptions regarding the mechanism of blood coagulation, supplemented by our own as yet unpublished findings, are represented in a schematically simplified Table. The process of co-agulation is subdivided into five phases, i.e. the prephase (vasoconstriction, agglutination), the first principal phase (formation of thromboplastin), the second principal phase (formation of thrombin), the third principal phase (formation of fibrin), as well as a post-phase (retraction, fibrinolysis). In this new scheme, recently discovered clotting factors and the various inhibitors could easily be incorporated into the classical picture of Morawitz. The scheme is explained briefly.

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9. Mitteilung über Probleme der Blutgerinnung.—8. Mitteilung sieheR. Marbet undA. Winterstein, Die Medizinische1954, 877.     

Zur Diskussion über die Homogenität des Erdinnern

Summary According to considerations put forwards byW. Kuhn andA. Rittmann some years ago, it follows that the chemical composition of the interior of the earth must be rather homogeneous; the well-known discontinuity which occurs at 2900 km with respect to the propagation of longitudinal and transverse waves should not be due to a discontinuity of the material composition (not to an iron core). It is due to a continous decrease of the viscosity and thereby of the relaxation time; transverse waves of a period of e.g. 30 seconds will no more be propagated in a material whose relaxation time for tangential stress is below 30 seconds, while the longitudinal waves will suffer a decrease of the velocity at the same time.A criticism put forward byA. Eucken consists in the argument that a material in which the time of relaxation for tangential stress becomes equal to the period of the vibration will exhibit a considerable absorption coefficient for longitudinal waves too. It is now shown that the distance on which the period of vibration and the relaxation time are approximately equal is small compared with the wave length of the seismic waves in question, from which it follows that the resulting absorption of the longitudinal waves too will only be small.A further consideration shows that a mixture of 99 atomic % hydrogen and 1 atomic % of iron is most probably supercritical at a temperature of 5000° abs.A survey of the solubilities in question shows further that the hydrogen present in a mixture of 90% hydrogen and 10% iron should on the strength of the absorption coefficient be completely absorbed by the iron at 5000° abs. and at a total pressure of 2.10⁶ atmospheres.The main argument why the assumption of an iron core inside the earth must be dismissed remains the fact that the present state must be the result of an asymptotic processus which at least in its final phase has occurred under conditions similar to the present conditions of temperature, pressure and viscosity; these latter conditions are far from permitting the processus of sedimentation etc. which would be required.     

Über die Molekulargrösse des Hämovanadins

Summary The red-brown haemovanadin which is contained in the haemolysate (Henze Solution) of blood cells of the ascidiaPhallusia mamillata Cuvier is a chromoproteid with trivalent vanadium as the central atom and sulphuric acid bound coordinatively. It is found to have a molecular weight of 24,400±1,900 according to the estimation of the diffusion coefficient (D_5°=6.87±0.2 · 10^–7 cm² · s^–1 at pH 2.5–2.8).

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Dem Entdecker des Hämovanadins zum 80. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Über die Reaktion der höheren und tieferen Reizbildungszentren des isolierten Herzens auf Temperatursenkung

Summary In the isolated rabbit heart perfused by the Langendorff method total heart block has been produced by section of the His bundle. The influence of cooling of the perfusion fluid upon higher and lower automatic centers was studied. The sinoauricular pacemaker responded to cooling with a much greater decrease of the heart rate than did the ventricular automatism. The responsiveness of the atrioventricular node to cooling lay between that of the two others.     

Über die Reizung des Ferntastsinns bei Fischen und Amphibien

Summary Fishes and aquatic amphibians are able to detect and locate moving bodies and even obstacles at some distance by means of their lateral-line sense organs (Ferntastsinn). As was shown experimentally, the main physical process involved in these reactions are certain local damming phenomena in front of the moving object (rise of pressure, displacement of water particles). Obstacles cause an alteration of the damming phenomena produced by the moving animal's body itself (increase of water resistance).Kramer's different view is rejected; he overlooked the existence of damming phenomena and was not aware of the fact thatXenopus laevis reacts to surface waves even when the animal is totally submerged.     

Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die hypertensive Wirkung von Aldosteron und Desoxycorticosteron

Summary In the adrenalectomized and unilaterally nephrectomized rat an investigation has been carried out on the influence of a four weeks' treatment with aldosterone and desoxycorticosterone-acetate in doses which are equieffective concerning sodium retaining capacity. Desoxycorticosterone-acetate produced hypertension, perivascular granuloma and renal lesions, whereas under the influence of aldosterone the blood pressure remained normal and no histopathological alterations could be found. Towards the end of the experiment the animals treated with desoxycorticosterone-acetate took up twice as much drinking fluid as the animals treated with aldosterone. Although the results obtained so far are only of a preliminary character it is obvious that aldosterone in doses which are equieffective concerning sodium retention does not produce the same side effects as desoxycorticosterone-acetate.     

Über Alliin,die genuine Muttersubstanz des Knoblauchöls

Summary The authors have succeeded in isolating alliin in a pure, crystalline form and in defining its properties. Alliin is characteristic for certain kinds of garlic; it contains sulphur and nitrogen and represents the initial substance of garlic oil. Alliin itself has no bactericidal action. Upon decomposition—caused by a specific concomitant enzyme, alliinase—the highly bactericidal substance, allicin, is produced. Further decomposition yields the volatile, sharply-odorous allyl-sulphides.     

Über die Entwicklung des Fremdkörpergranuloms in verschiedenen Organsystemen

Summary The weight has been measured of the granuloma produced after implantation of the same foreign body in the kidneys, the testes, the liver and the subcutaneous tissue of male rats. It was found that granulomae in the testes and liver are nearly twice as heavy as in the kidney or in the subcutaneous tissue. Enhancement or inhibition of this reaction by treating the animals with cortexone shows organ-dependent effects on granuloma formation.     

Regel über die nichtbesetzten Isotonenzahlen

Summary Of the neutronic numbers 1 to 126 nine are not represented by a stable isotope. The non existent neutronic numbers are those between the neutronic numbers of the two isotopes of an element with an odd atomic number.     

Tierexperimentelle Studien über die Alkoholverbrennung

Summary While in dogs intravenously administered alcohol is eliminated as a straight function of time, it was found that the combustion of alcohol, when given intraperitoneally in rats, depends on the concentration at a given time. Since the dog — like man — belongs to a species with a slow alcohol combustion, while the rat (together with the mouse) has the highest metabolic velocity, it is supposed that the supply of alcohol dehydrogenase might determine not only the metabolic velocity as such but also the rhythm of alcohol combustion: when the ADH supply is low, the combustion capacity limit will be reached at low blood alcohol concentrations and the elimination curve will become linear.     

Über die Reaktion des 5,5-Diphenylglykocyamidins und seiner N-Alkylderivate mit Ammoniak und Aminen

Summary 5,5-Diphenylglycocyamidines bearing an alkyl group in position 3 are partly rearranged to the corresponding N²-alkyl derivatives on heating with alcoholic ammonia in the presence of ammonium acetate. Prolonged heating with ammonium acetate leads to N-dealkylation both of N³- and N²-alkyl derivatives. 5,5-Diphenylglycocyamidine in turn is mono- or dialkylated at N² on heating with the acetates of primary and secondary amines respectively. A mechanism for these reactions is proposed.

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Mitteilung über Hydantoine, Thiohydantoine und Glykocyamidine.

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Mitteilung:K. Lempert, Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Kémiai Tudományok Osztályának Közleményei [Ber. Ung. Akad. Wiss., Kl. Chem. Wiss.]12, 59 (1959). — Chem. Reviews59, 667 (1959).     

Synthesen über Stickstoff-ylide und Phosphor-ylene

Summary The action of proton acceptors on quaternary ammonium-or phosphonium-salts produces unusually reactive compounds, which are called N-ylids or P-ylens respectively. The N-ylids, which undergo the Stevens rearrangement, have found preparative application in newly developed syntheses of phenanthrene derivatives and cyclopolyenes. Appropriate representatives of the ylids are transformed into the formerly unknown isoindoles. The P-ylens also possess the noteworthy ability to convert aldehydes and ketones to the corresponding homogeneous olefines. With their help, new approaches to cyclopolyenes have been opened up, and naturally occurring substances containing polyene and polyenine chains, such as-carotene, oenanthetol and vitamin A, have been synthesized.

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Nach einem Vortrag, der in Zürich, in Basel und in Budapest Ende November 1955 gehalten wurde.     

Histologische und zytologische Untersuchungen über das Ependym und seine Abkömmlinge (insbesondere die Epiphyse und den Saccus vasculosus) bei niederen Vertebraten

Summary In the brain wall of different vertebrate species, ependymal cells of different type occur. These cells possess protuberances which protrude into the ventricle.Although cytologically these structures are all variations of one theme, they must at present be interpreted in different ways as regards function.Probably these cell types form a complex system for the regulation of the cerebrospinal fluid. It remains possible that one or more of these cell types act as light receptors.     

Über die Konstitution des Visamminols

Summary The structure of Visamminol (I), a compound isolated fromAmmi visnaga bySmith, Pucci, andBywater, has been elucidated by degradation and by a comparison of the UV.-spectra of I and its derivatives with those of other chromones.     

Über die Kristallstruktur des Azulens

Résumé La structure du réseau spatial de l'azulène cristallisé a été déterminée à l'aide des rayons X. Les valeurs des constantes du réseau sont en général les mêmes que celles trouvées parMisch etvan der Wyk. Au contraire, la statistique des interférences observées montre des différences importantes et conduit au groupe spatial P 2₁/a, à la place de P 2₁ et P 2₁/m indiqué par les auteurs cités.

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Erstmals hergestellt vonPl. A. Plattner undA. St. Pfau, Helv. chim. acta20, 224 (1937).