冀东冬小麦根腐病菌的生物学特性研究

对分离自冀东地区冬小麦上的根腐病菌的生物学特性的研究结果表明，病菌的菌丝生长温度范围为０～３９℃，最适温度为２４～２８℃；分生孢子在５～３５℃内均可萌发，１５～２４℃范围内萌发率高且芽管粗壮；产孢的温度范围为８～３０℃，２０～２２℃范围内产孢量最大；ｐＨ值在２～１２范围内菌丝都能生长，最适ｐＨ值为６～８；产孢的ｐＨ值范围为３～１０，中性或微酸性条件下，产孢量最大；分生孢子在ｐＨ值４～１０范围内均可萌发，中性或微酸性条件下萌发率最高；光照对病菌的生长发育影响较小；分生孢子在空气相对湿度低于９５％时不能萌发，水滴中的萌发率最高；营养利于孢子的萌发。     

碱蓬红斑病病原菌鉴定及生物学特性研究初报

从碱蓬（Suaeda glauce）红斑病感病植株单斑分离出2种真菌SK‐X1和SK‐X2,形态学和分子生物学鉴定结果表明,SK‐X1为石楠拟盘多毛孢（Pestalotiopsis pho‐tiniae）、SK‐X2为胶孢炭疽菌（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ）．2种菌均具有致病性,但生物学特性有别：二者菌丝生长及孢子萌发温度范围为15～35℃、最适温度为28℃,但菌丝致死温度S K‐X1为70℃、S K‐X2为73℃;孢子致死温度S K‐X1为55℃、S K‐X2为58℃．最适p H值为7,但孢子萌发p H值范围S K‐X1为5～10、S K‐X2为4～12．湿度为100％时菌丝生长最快、产孢量最大,但菌丝生长适宜湿度S K‐X1为86％～100％、S K‐X2为65％～100％,孢子萌发适宜湿度S K‐X1为90％～100％、S K‐X2为86％～100％．光照对菌丝生长无影响,但全光照利产孢．     

赤水金钗石斛黑斑病菌生物学特性及防治研究

 对金钗石斛黑斑病菌的生物学特性、培养性状及形态等研究表明,病原菌为细极链格孢菌(Al-ternaria tenuissima).适宜菌丝生长的温度为5~35℃,最适温度为25℃,分生孢子萌发的温度范围为5~35℃,最适温度为25℃.光照对菌丝生长和孢子萌发无明显的影响.药效试验表明:10%苯醚甲环唑67μg/mL,64%恶霜灵1 607μg/mL对菌丝的抑菌率均为100%,90%乙磷铝的抑菌效果不明显.     

2株重寄生木霉菌丝生长的生物学特性

对2株茶藨生柱锈菌(Cronartium ribicola J.C.Fischer)重寄生木霉(Trichoderma spp.)TR1、TR2菌株菌丝生长及产孢条件进行单因素筛选及正交实验。结果表明：TR1菌丝生长速度快,且极易产生分生孢子;TR2菌丝生长速度相对较慢,产孢受一定条件限制。光照和VB2能明显刺激TR2分生孢子的产生。2株菌在以大麦粉、黄豆粉、KH2PO4、复合VB为培养基,5%接种量、120r／min、pH为 6的条件下菌丝生长最佳。TR1和TR2菌丝生长的最适温度范围及水势分别为25～30℃、-232MPa和20～25℃、-454MPa.     

药用观赏植物——鸟巢蕨叶斑病病原菌鉴定初报

鸟巢蕨(Neottopteris nidus)是一种集药用、食用、美化、净化于一身的蕨类植物,具有巨大的开发价值.采用单斑分离法于染病的鸟巢蕨植株中分离出2株真菌P1和P2,经形态学及分子生物学鉴定,P1为芸苔链格孢(Alternaria brassicae)、P2为交互枝顶孢(Acremonium alternatum).两者对鸟巢蕨均具有致病性,但其生物学特性不同:P1菌丝生长及产孢最适温度均为25℃,产孢最适湿度为35%,最适pH值为6,菌丝致死温度为50℃;而P2菌丝生长及产孢最适温度均为25℃,产孢最适湿度为55%,最适pH值为5,菌丝致死温度为60℃.光照对2种菌的菌丝生长影响不大,但全黑暗有利于两者产孢.P1的最适碳源、氮源、生长因子、无机盐分别为乳糖、酵母膏、吲哚乙酸和MgSO_4,而P2的分别为蔗糖、KNO_3、吲哚丁酸和NaH_2PO_4.     

毛木耳油疤病病原菌的生长条件研究

对毛木耳油疤病病原菌新种毛木耳柱霉(Scytalidium auricola W.H.Peng)的生物学特性研究结果显示,在5℃～35℃范围内,随着温度升高,菌丝生长速度逐渐加快,最适温度范围为25℃～30℃;在pH 4～12范围内,随着pH升高菌丝生长速度逐渐降低,菌株具有嗜酸的特性,在pH 4～5时生长速度最快;毛木耳柱霉对碳源、氮源的利用能力较强,可广泛利用各类单糖、双糖和多糖,以及多种铵态氮和氨基酸;光照对菌丝生长和孢子形成具有促进作用.适当降低菌袋培养温度和遮光培养有利于降低病害发生.     

三叶木通叶斑病病原菌的生物学特性及生物防治

为明确三叶木通叶斑病病原菌的生物学特性,从培养基种类、碳源、氮源、pH、温度和光照等方面对三叶木通叶斑病病原菌细极链格孢(Alternaria tenuissima)的生物学特性进行了研究,并对其生物防治进行了初步探讨。结果表明:病原菌菌丝在PCA培养基,30℃,pH值为6,12h光照/12h黑暗的条件下生长较快;分生孢子在CA培养基,30℃,pH值为7,24h光照的条件下产孢量最大。该病原菌可利用多种碳源和氮源,菌丝的生长会受到硫酸铵和氯化铵的抑制。枯草芽孢杆菌SNUB16可显著拮抗三叶木通叶斑病病原菌的生长。     

砂仁叶斑病病原菌生物学特性的研究

通过对砂仁叶斑病病原菌（Phyllosticta glycines Thum.）生物学特性的研究表明：适宜的温度和酸碱度有利于病菌的生长;病菌生长的温度范围为5～35℃,菌丝生长的最适p H值为7;孢子萌发的最适p H值为6;病菌菌丝在含淀粉和硝酸钙的Czapek培养基上生长最快;分生孢子萌发的最佳碳源是乳糖;菌丝对光照条件要求不严格,但紫外光能促进分生孢子的形成;无碳、氮源时,菌丝生长不良,长势差;RH95%以下时,分生孢子不能萌发;菌丝和分生孢子的致死温度为分别为55℃和60℃。     

影响空心莲子草镰刀菌生长发育的几个重要因子分析

在原有试验发现空心莲子镰刀菌草生长产孢对光照、通气及淹水与否不敏感的基础上,该研究进一步测定营养培养基、温度和酸碱度因子对空心莲子草镰刀菌生长发育的影响.研究结果表明,这3个因子对此真菌菌落生长、分生孢子产生和萌发都有极显著的作用,所以认为它们是影响真菌生长发育的关键因子.真菌菌落生长和产孢的温度范围为15℃～30℃,在25℃时生长最快而产孢最多;分生孢子萌发的适温范围是20℃～35℃,在30℃时萌发率显著高于其它温度处理.对6种培养基的测定结果显示,真菌在马铃薯葡萄糖培养基(PDA)、胡萝卜培养基(CAA)、空心莲子草根茎煎汁培养基(ARS)和空心莲子草叶片煎汁培养基(ALA)上都能够正常生长、产孢和萌发,而在清水洋菜培养基(WA)上不能生长发育,但是马铃薯蔗糖琼脂(PSA)是该真菌的最佳培养基.菌落生长和产孢的适宜酸碱度范围是pH 4.5～pH 11.0,最适约为pH 7.0,在pH 4.0和pH 12.0时生长和产孢都明显减缓;分生孢子萌发适宜的酸碱度范围为pH 4.0～pH 9.0,在pH 10.0～pH 12.0范围内孢子不能萌发.由此可见,在25℃和pH 7.0条件下使用PSA,是空心莲子草镰刀菌的最佳培养条件.     

旱黄瓜茎基腐病菌鉴定及其生物学特性

为明确昌黎旱黄瓜茎基腐病的病原菌,采用组织分离法和针刺法对其病原物进行分离培养和致病性测定,通过形态学、ITS序列分析方法鉴定旱黄瓜茎基腐病原菌种类后对病原菌的生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明：旱黄瓜茎基腐病的病原菌为拟轮枝镰孢菌(Fusarium verticillioides);该病菌菌丝最适生长温度为30℃,最适pH为6.0,最适碳源为葡萄糖,最适氮源为NH₄NO₃,致死温度为69℃,10 min;大型分生孢子生长最适温度为25℃,小型分生孢子生长最适温度为30℃;两种孢子生长的最适pH,碳源,氮源均为5.0,蔗糖,NH₄NO₃。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.