澎湃于海面之下的南海内波

<正>内波,是拍碎在沙滩上海浪的水下版,在海洋中无处不在。因其强劲的垂直与水平运动,以及破碎导致的湍流作用,内波在海洋中起着重要作用:提供光合作用所需的养分,沉积物与污染物的运移,声波的传输等。它同样会对人类的海洋设施造成危害。由风力和潮水驱动,内波从源头到最终破碎,可     

大洋细结构的一种可能的机制：Ⅲ.对混合过程动能耗散的估计

继第Ⅱ部分之后研究了惯性内波和近性内波由ｆ的作用所致的剪切不稳定引起的破碎机制。物理上,该机制很象存在由风应力所致薄表面涡旋漂流层时表面波的破碎与饱和过程。惯性内近性内波的破碎产物与小尺度湍流一起混合块,它与Ｇｒｅｇｇ等人（１９８６）的持久混合观测结果表明,在剪切不稳定中 内波在湍动散中起了关键作用,而惯性内波引起非常弱的湍动耗散。使用内波能量谱的标准总能量密谋估计出的近惯性内波相产的湍动耗散。使     

孤立子内波存在下的声传播仿真研究

孤立子内波会对声传播产生巨大的影响,基于有限元方法利用COMSOL软件对孤立子内波影响下的声学问题进行求解,仿真研究.首先建立了孤立子内波模型,通过仿真分析了孤立子内波对声场的影响.结果显示,孤立子内波会影响声线的传播轨迹和传播损失,可使声场能量分布更均匀.孤立子内波还会对声矢量场产生影响,使水平质点振速传播损失减小,使垂向质点振速略微增加.     

稳定分层湍流的大涡模拟

稳定分层湍流是大气和海洋流动中常见的自然现象, 是预测大气和海洋流动的重要物理机制. 我们用大涡模拟方法研究稳定分层流体湍流, 以期获得与实际大气和海洋中稳定分层湍流相符的性质. 我们在不同初始条件的流场和不同的流动特征参数（雷诺数Re和弗罗德数Fr）下用大涡模拟方法获得充分发展湍流场. 通过分析湍动能和湍流特征尺度随时间的演化考察稳定分层湍流演化过程; 并通过三维能谱、水平和垂直能谱来检验数值模拟是否和真实大气、海洋中实测结果一致. 研究结果表明, 大涡模拟可以用较少网格数获得和实测一致的稳定分层湍流性质. 不同的初始流场都能演化为湍流, 并且发现演化过程的后期总是内波能量占优势. 研究证实要获得和实测一致的稳定分层湍流的关键是特征参数必须满足一定条件： 特征雷诺数和弗罗德数不一定要和实际大气和海洋中的参数相等, 但是要求雷诺数足够大, 弗罗德数足够小（例如Re〉102, Fr〈0.1）; 特别重要的是组合参数ReFr2必须大于10.     

海洋内波对海表温度的影响仿真

由海洋内孤立波产生的海表散度场,根据Osborne的理论仿真了海洋内孤立波对海表温度的影响。仿真结果表明,由此内波引起的海表温度波动振幅为0.01℃左右,当α〉0时,即由内波引起的表面散度为正,海水辐散时,海表温度稍高于无内波时的温度,而海水辐聚时,海表温度稍低于于无内波时的温度。与实测数据相比,仿真结果要比实测结果小一到两个量级。     

海洋湍流模式应用研究

海洋湍流模型研究自二十世纪70年代中发展至今,在海洋动力学研究中,特别是关于混合／层化研究中广泛应用,近年来由于认识到湍流对海洋生物过程的重要影响,对海洋湍流的客观描述更加关注。文中详细介绍了几个主要海洋动力学模型中的湍流封闭模式,如HAMSOM中的Prandlt混合长模型、Johns模型中的k-方程模型、POM中的k-kl模型、水动力学中常用的k-ε模型等等,介绍了海洋湍流模型的应用。对于湍流模型的使用提出针对具体问题选择的原则,复杂的并非最优的。     

运动点源产生的内波

从Euler方程和连续性方程出发，分析运动点源在密度层化海洋中产生的内波，给出内波速度场的计算公式及数值计算方法，并给出潜艇艇体效应产生的内波的计算方法。     

基于柱Kadomtsev-Petviashvili模型的海洋内孤立波非线性相互作用传播特征仿真模拟研究

在考虑到海洋内波的二维效应时,含有横向微扰的二维模型可以较好地模拟海洋内波的传播,因此为更好地描述海洋内波这一复杂非线性现象的传播特性,利用二维柱Kadomtsev-Petviashvili模型研究了海洋内波非线性相互作用的传播特征。首先,利用解析法获得该二维模型的双抛物线型孤子解,同时模拟研究了南海东沙群岛的海洋内波的弹性碰撞及随时间变化的传播特性;其次,基于不同的海域背景参数分析研究了上升型和下降型抛物线海洋内波弹性碰撞引起的海洋表层流速的变化。经比较分析,本文模拟结果与已有的遥感卫星图像较一致,因此可为进一步深入研究海洋内波的传播特性、动力学机制解及内波参数反演等提供一定的借鉴。     

海洋内波遥感探测中的数学问题

海洋内波是重要的海洋动力过程,在海洋中普遍存在,对海洋内波的遥感探测具有重要的研究意义和应用需求.内波的遥感探测涉及内波传播模型的建立与求解、内波遥感图像处理与特征提取、基于遥感图像的内波参数提取与反演,最终建立内波传播的预测与预警模型,上述都需要数学方法的支持.基于内波遥感研究的迫切需求,论述其在各环节上亟待解决的数...     

海洋内波水平波数的数值计算

海洋内波是发生在层化海洋内部的一种波动现象,其色散关系的求解是研究海洋内波的基础.应用Thompson-Haskell算法,对线性内波方程的推导进行了详尽的描述,结合算例给出了求解水平波数的方法.在此基础上,可以给出海洋内波的色散关系,进而求解海洋内波的垂向结构.     

Oceanography. Vertical mixing in the ocean

The thermohaline circulation of the ocean results primarily from downwelling at sites in the Nordic and Labrador Seas and upwelling throughout the rest of the ocean. The latter is often described as being due to breaking internal waves. Here we reconcile the difference between theoretical and observed estimates of vertical mixing in the deep ocean by presenting a revised view of the thermohaline circulation, which allows for additional upwelling in the Southern Ocean and the separation of the North Atlantic Deep Water cell from the Antarctic Bottom Water cell. The changes also mean that much less wind and tidal energy needs to be dissipated in the deep ocean than was originally thought.     

Redistribution of energy available for ocean mixing by long-range propagation of internal waves

Ocean mixing, which affects pollutant dispersal, marine productivity and global climate, largely results from the breaking of internal gravity waves--disturbances propagating along the ocean's internal stratification. A global map of internal-wave dissipation would be useful in improving climate models, but would require knowledge of the sources of internal gravity waves and their propagation. Towards this goal, I present here computations of horizontal internal-wave propagation from 60 historical moorings and relate them to the source terms of internal waves as computed previously. Analysis of the two most energetic frequency ranges--near-inertial frequencies and semidiurnal tidal frequencies--reveals that the fluxes in both frequency bands are of the order of 1 kW x m(-1) (that is, 15-50% of the energy input) and are directed away from their respective source regions. However, the energy flux due to near-inertial waves is stronger in winter, whereas the tidal fluxes are uniform throughout the year. Both varieties of internal waves can thus significantly affect the space-time distribution of energy available for global mixing.     

Evidence for enhanced mixing over rough topography in the abyssal ocean

The overturning circulation of the ocean plays an important role in modulating the Earth's climate. But whereas the mechanisms for the vertical transport of water into the deep ocean--deep water formation at high latitudes--and horizontal transport in ocean currents have been largely identified, it is not clear how the compensating vertical transport of water from the depths to the surface is accomplished. Turbulent mixing across surfaces of constant density is the only viable mechanism for reducing the density of the water and enabling it to rise. However, measurements of the internal wave field, the main source of energy for mixing, and of turbulent dissipation rates, have typically implied diffusivities across surfaces of equal density of only approximately 0.1 cm2 s(-1), too small to account for the return flow. Here we report measurements of tracer dispersion and turbulent energy dissipation in the Brazil basin that reveal diffusivities of 2-4 cm2 s(-1) at a depth of 500 m above abyssal hills on the flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and approximately 10 cm2 s(-1) nearer the bottom. This amount of mixing, probably driven by breaking internal waves that are generated by tidal currents flowing over the rough bathymetry, may be large enough to close the buoyancy budget for the Brazil basin and suggests a mechanism for closing the global overturning circulation.     

内波垂向结构的分段求解方法

为了掌握海洋内坡的特性，针对内波垂向结构的数值解法进行了严谨的分析推导，提出了分段求解方法．将数理方程中的Strm-Liouville本征值问题应用到内波方程，可获得标准化的两种方法，进而探讨了这两种方法的统一性及实用性．计算结果表明，对半日潮的低频情况内波可存在于整个水深，而对周期为20分钟的较高频情况则内波只存在于垂向的有限范围内，在上下两层，其垂向速度的衰减很快．该方法应用于实际海洋中，可以获得一般情况下内波函数的广义Fourier级数，从理论上可以证明解函数的完备性。     

Significant dissipation of tidal energy in the deep ocean inferred from satellite altimeter data

How and where the ocean tides dissipate their energy are long-standing questions that have consequences ranging from the history of the Moon to the mixing of the oceans. Historically, the principal sink of tidal energy has been thought to be bottom friction in shallow seas. There has long been suggestive evidence, however, that tidal dissipation also occurs in the open ocean through the scattering by ocean-bottom topography of surface tides into internal waves, but estimates of the magnitude of this possible sink have varied widely. Here we use satellite altimeter data from Topex/Poseidon to map empirically the tidal energy dissipation. We show that approximately 10(12) watts--that is, 1 TW, representing 25-30% of the total dissipation--occurs in the deep ocean, generally near areas of rough topography. Of the estimated 2 TW of mixing energy required to maintain the large-scale thermohaline circulation of the ocean, one-half could therefore be provided by the tides, with the other half coming from action on the surface of the ocean.     

River plumes as a source of large-amplitude internal waves in the coastal ocean

Satellite images have long revealed the surface expression of large amplitude internal waves that propagate along density interfaces beneath the sea surface. Internal waves are typically the most energetic high-frequency events in the coastal ocean, displacing water parcels by up to 100 m and generating strong currents and turbulence that mix nutrients into near-surface waters for biological utilization. While internal waves are known to be generated by tidal currents over ocean-bottom topography, they have also been observed frequently in the absence of any apparent tide-topography interactions. Here we present repeated measurements of velocity, density and acoustic backscatter across the Columbia River plume front. These show how internal waves can be generated from a river plume that flows as a gravity current into the coastal ocean. We find that the convergence of horizontal velocities at the plume front causes frontal growth and subsequent displacement downward of near-surface waters. Individual freely propagating waves are released from the river plume front when the front's propagation speed decreases below the wave speed in the water ahead of it. This mechanism generates internal waves of similar amplitude and steepness as internal waves from tide-topography interactions observed elsewhere, and is therefore important to the understanding of coastal ocean mixing.     

海洋内波垂向结构求解的几种数学方法

海洋内波垂向结构的求解有不同的数学方法.首先,简述了利用两次Sturm变换,将内波控制方程转化为Sturm-liouville标准型的主要过程.其次,给出了由一般二阶变系数常微分方程的通用变换方法,将内波控制方程转化为Sturm-liouville标准型的方法.随后,通过直接差分法,给出了将内波控制方程离散化为矩阵特征值问题的一般过程.最后,详述了Thomson-Haskell方法求解内波垂向结构的过程.