离子型和非离子型表面活性剂在活性炭上的混合吸附

研究了25℃时Triton X-100(TX100),溴化十四烷基三甲铵(TTAB)和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)自其单组份水溶液及自TX100-SDS和TX100-TTAB混合水溶液在活性炭上的吸附。结果表明,三种表面活性剂自其单组份水溶液在活性炭上的吸附等温线均为Langmuir型;吸附能力以mol·g~(-1)为单位时的顺序为SDS>TTAB>TX100;在混合体系中,由于吸附质对吸附剂的竞争以及溶液体相中形成临界胶团浓度较小的混合胶团,使得离子型和非离子型表面活性剂的吸附相互抑制;混合体系中相应吸附量的关系是线性的。     

表面活性剂溶液在石英上的吸附和润湿(英文)

非离子型表面活性剂TX 100和TX305,以及阳离子型表面活性剂溴化烷基三甲铵、氯化烷基吡啶和溴化烷基吡啶的水溶液在石英片上的接触角θ~0(石英/水/环己烷悬滴)和θ~n(石英/水/空气悬泡)随浓度的增加皆是先升后降;但θ~w(石英/水滴/环己烷)则随浓度单调增大,最后趋于一极限值。这些结果可以表面活性剂在石英/水界面形成双层吸附和在石英/环己烷界面形成单层吸附的模型来解释。阴离子型表面活性剂烷基硫酸钠在石英上不吸附,故对接触角无影响。但在TX100溶液中加入烷基硫酸钠时,θ~0和θ~w皆随TX100的浓度单调上升;加入的量大时,θ~0、θ~w和θ~a皆近于纯水的θ。这些现象与溶液中形成混合胶团导致TX100的吸附减少有关。     

溴化四丁铵对十二烷基磺酸钠浓度及表面活性的影响

本文通过对表面张力曲线的分析，研究了溴化四丁铵（HCN）对十二烷基磺酸钠（HCS）浓度及表面活性的影响。结果表明：十二烷基磺酸钠的浓度及表面活性因四丁铵离子的加入而有显著提高；此混合溶液，浓度在大于cmc时不发生混蚀，而获得透明清亮的胶团溶液。     

溴化四丁铵对十二烷基磺酸钠溶度及表面活性的影响

本文通过对表面张力曲线的分析，研究了溴化四丁铵（ＨＣＮ）对十二烷基磺酸钠（ＨＣＳ）溶度及表面活性的影响．结果表明：十二烷基磺酸钠的溶度及表面活性因四丁铵离子的加入而有显著提高；此混合溶液，浓度在大于ｃｍｃ时不发生混浊，而获得透明清亮的胶团溶液     

季铵盐类甘蔗增糖催熟剂的合成及药效试验

本文研究合成三个结构有关的长碳链季铵盐:溴化十四烷基三甲铵(TTAB),溴化十六烷基三甲铵(CTAB)和溴化十八烷基三甲铵(STAB)并探讨其合成的反应条件.该类季铵盐对甘蔗有很好的增糖催熟效果.     

阴阳离子混合表面活性剂的浓度变化对表面活性的影响

采用表面张力法、帆布沉降法、乳化法，研究了辛基苯基聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠Ｃ８Ｈ１７Ｃ６Ｈ４（ＯＣＫＨ４）１０ＳＯ４Ｎａ（Ｃ８Ｅ１ｓＳ）和十二烷基７聚氧乙烯基醚硫酸钠ＣＬ１２Ｈ２５（ＯＣ２Ｈ４）７ＳＯ４Ｎａ（Ｃ１２Ｅ７Ｓ）与溴化十二烷基三甲铵Ｃ１２Ｈ２５Ｎ（ＣＨ３）３Ｂｒ（Ｃ１２ＮＭ３）形成的混合溶液的表面活性．结果表明，它们不仅能在水溶液中形成透明的均匀溶液，而且混合体系的临界胶团浓度（ｃｍｃ）和γｃｍｃ比单一组分的低得多．随着混合比的增加，Ｃ８Ｅ１０Ｓ－Ｃ１２ＮＭ３的润湿能力先增加，后下降．混合比改变时。Ｃ８Ｅ１０Ｓ－Ｃ１２ＮＭ３对煤油的乳化能力出现两个极大值和一个极小值．     

邻苯二甲酸氢钾与十六烷基三甲基溴化胺胶团相互作用

用紫外吸收光谱的方法研究了邻苯二甲酸氢钾芳香反离子与十六烷基三甲基溴化胺阳离子表面活性剂胶团之间的相互作用.发现了阳离子表面活性剂胶团的加入能使芳香反离子的吸收光谱特征峰发生红移.邻苯二甲酸氢钾芳香反离子与十六烷基三甲基溴化胺阳离子表面活性剂胶团混合液的紫外吸收光谱峰值λmax随pH的增大而减小.这被解释为在pH=1的酸性条件下,邻苯二甲酸氢钾会以邻苯二甲酸形式存在,阳离子表面活性剂胶团与芳香环之间的相互作用主要是阳离子-∏相互作用.在pH=13的碱性条件下,邻苯二甲酸氢钾会以邻苯二甲酸根的形式存在,邻苯二甲酸根与十六烷基三甲基溴化胺阳离子表面活性剂胶团之间的相互作用主要是静电引力作用.通过测定混合体系的表面张力发现芳香反离子与胶团混合体系的表面张力比各组分的表面张力低,其原因归结于邻苯二甲酸氢根与十六烷基三甲基溴化胺阳离子表面活性剂胶团之间存在静电引力和阳离子-∏相互作用的综合结果.     

阴、阳离子表面活性剂在粘土矿物表面的混合吸附

研究了２５℃时十二烷基硫酸钠（ＳＤＳ）和溴化十六烷基吡啶（ＣＰＢ）自其单组分水溶液及其混合水溶液在高岭土、碳酸钙、石英砂上的吸附．结果表明，ＳＤＳ在高岭土和碳酸钙上的吸附等温线在ＳＤＳ的临界胶束浓度（ＣＭＣ）值以前出现最大值，ＳＤＳ在石英砂上几乎不吸附；ＣＰＢ在高岭土上的吸附等温线为Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ型，而在碳酸钙、石英砂上几乎不吸附；在ＳＤＳ与ＣＰＢ的混合体系中，ＳＤＳ在高岭土、碳酸钙、石英砂上的吸附都增大，相应地，ＣＰＢ在高岭土上的吸附减小，在碳酸钙上的吸附增大，并且随吸附后ＳＤＳ／ＣＰＢ摩尔比的不同，出现吸附最大值．文中成功地将吸附等温线与吸附平衡溶液的电导率曲线有效地结合起来，分析了实验结果，提出了可能的吸附机理．     

阴最离子混合表面活性剂的浓度变化对表面活性的影响

采用表面张力法，帆布沉降法，乳化法，研究了辛基苯基聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠Ｃ８Ｈ１７Ｃ６Ｈ４（ＯＣ２Ｈ４）１０ＳＯ４Ｎａ（Ｃ８ψＥ１０Ｓ）和十二烷甘７聚氧乙烯基醚硫酸钠Ｃ１２Ｈ２５（ＯＣ２Ｈ４）７ＳＯ４Ｎａ（Ｃ１２Ｅ７Ｓ）与溴化十二烷基三甲铵Ｃ１２Ｈ２５Ｎ（ＣＨ３）３Ｂｒ（Ｃ１２ＮＭ３）形成的混合溶液的表面活性，结果表明，它们不仅能在水溶液中形成透明的均匀浓度，而且混合体系的临界胶浓度（ｃｍｃ）和γｃｍｃ     

Gibbs公式对于表面活性电解质水溶液表面吸附之作用

1.用最大气泡压力法测定了十二烷基硫酸钠及八烷基硫酸钠水溶液、以及加入NaCl的下同等离子强度溶液在25℃时的表面张力。 2.自无盐溶液及等离子强度溶液的表面张力——浓度曲线斜率比值之计算,得出结论:对于不水解的1—1价型表面活性电解质水溶液的表面吸附,自低浓度至较高浓度(在临界胶团浓度以下),皆应以2RT形式的Gibbs公式计算。 —dб=2RTг′dlna实验结果表明,在稀溶液中无表面水解。 3.用2RT形式的Gibbs公式计算了上述二化合物溶液(无盐)的表面吸附量,从而求出分子在不同表面压时所占面积,得出表面状态方程: π(A-5)=1.34kT(十二烷基硫酸钠) π(A-15)=1.40kT(八烷基硫酸钠) 4.自吸附等温线及表面压——分子面积曲线的分析,认为表面吸附层不是单分子层而是多分子层。 本工作得到傅鹰教授的关怀和一些同志的协助,谨致谢意。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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