生命材料低温保护剂溶液二维降温结晶过程中的分形特征

在低温显微镜下,观察了低温保护剂溶液在降温过程中冰晶的成核与生长过程,并对异相成核结晶过程的图像做了数字处理.观察了冰晶在降温过程中的边界变化规律,发现异相成核后溶液的冰晶最终呈树枝状结构生长,而且随着降温速率加快,冰晶快速生长.对其进一步的分析表明,该过程具有分形的特征.鉴于这种结构形态变化的时间尺度易于观测,同时也反映了随着溶液黏度升高,水分子扩散难度越来越大,而水分子数目则随结冰量增加又减少等内在规律,则可以通过观察该过程结构形态变化,来研究溶液黏度、水分子扩散和结晶能力随降温速率、保护剂类型及浓度的变化规律.其结构的分形特征,恰好提供了理论工具,即可以在分形理论的框架内分析和了解这些规律.在目前还没有找到合适物理模型的情况下,研究低温保护剂溶液降温结晶和升温再结晶/反玻璃化的预防措施具有非常重要的意义.     

磁场影响水溶液冰晶的试验及装置

为寻找生物组织低温无损保存的新方法,研究了磁场对KMnO4溶液冰晶形成的影响.建立了不同形式的磁场发生装置,包括旋转磁场、方波叠加正弦波磁场、50kHz磁场.为保证样品降温过程慢速均匀,运用虚拟仪器技术建立了温度测控系统.使用低温显微系统对磁场影响下样品冰晶的形态进行了记录.结果表明,低频旋转磁场对生物溶液冰晶的形成产生了影响,尤其50kHz交变磁场对溶液中冰晶的生长具有较为显著的抑制作用,说明在易于产生的低冷冻速率下,交变磁场对生物组织的低温无损保存研究具有重要意义,适合实际应用.     

采用液氮喷雾技术的低温环路结构模拟系统研究

为进行座舱盖高空低温环境飞行疲劳试验考核,设计并搭建了采用液氮喷雾技术的小型环路结构低温环境模拟测试试验台,开展了风速以及喷射流量对系统降温速率影响的特性研究。试验测试了在液氮喷雾流量为37.2、42.4和49.3 kg/h,系统风速为2.21、4.53和6.77 m/s时,工作段温度从21℃降至-30℃时各测试面的降温特性,验证了运用液氮喷雾技术快速降温的可行性。结果表明:在相同喷雾流量下,风速越大,环路的降温速率越慢,测试面的温度均匀性越好;在相同风速下,喷雾流量越大,降温速率越快,测试面的温度均匀性越差。液氮喷雾降温能够满足座舱盖疲劳测试的低温环境要求,工作段温度场均匀性良好。本文研究可为低温环境模拟系统和大空间液氮喷雾冷却系统的设计提供参考。     

低温保存与低温固定——低温生物学的两个重要课题

本文讨论了低温保存的含义和现状、慢速冷却低温保存方法的研究手段、关于慢速冷却造成损伤的机理的争论、玻璃化低温保存方法、低温技术在电子显微技术中的应用、电镜样品的低温固定及低温固定快速降温速率的提高与测量等问题,并着重阐述了上海机械学院低温生物工程研究室在这些方面的研究。     

快速冷冻和解冻鼠胚的存活力

桑椹期鼠胚在1.0—2.5M 的二甲亚砜(DMSO)溶液中经三步程序快速冷冻到-196℃;试样在-4—-8℃诱异结晶,在-20℃的酒精浴槽保持10分钟,在—100℃液氮上垂悬10分钟,然后,立即放入液氮(—196℃)。在-20℃—-75℃之间降温速度为～17℃/分。快速解冻(360℃/分)在所有的 DMSO 浓度中培养48小时后发育到完整囊胚的比例高于慢速解冻(25℃/分)。在1.5—2.0M-DMSO 浓度中快速冷冻的胚胎获得最高的成活率(分别为36和53%)。经三步冷冻和快速解冻的胚胎用多种除去 DMSO 成分的方法进行试验。获得培养到完整囊胚的最好结果是在室温下在磷酸缓冲液(PBS) 2.0M-DMSO 0.5M 蔗糖溶液停留(2分钟),然后,在 PBS 0.5M 蔗糖溶液(2分钟)(82%)以及在30℃下分阶段稀释在 PBS 溶液中的胚胎(70%)。当胚胎快速冷冻并快速解冻后在培养液中培养到囊胚期的26个胚胎移植给2支受体得到11个仔鼠(42%)。     

鲤鱼胚胎冷却至-196℃的试验

鱼类胚胎的低温保存是世界范围内尚未解决的课题,在对鲤鱼胚胎低温保存的初步试验中,我们发现在溶液冰点至-60℃范围内,降温速率对胚胎存活率来说是个决定性因素。如降温速率大于0.5℃/min,胚胎很难存活,而最佳降温速率应小于0.07℃/min,对于鱼类胚胎保存而言,慢复温是比较合适的。在我们的试验研究中,若以2.0mol/LDMSO为抗冻剂,降温速率为0.07℃/min,复温速率为8℃/min时,兴国紅鲤尾芽期胚胎经降温至液氮温度(-196℃),并保存一段时间后复温,仍能存活并孵化为幼鱼。试验达到的最大存活率为25%,出苗率为18%。     

人体脐带血单核细胞与冰晶间相互机械影响的显微研究

利用低温显微镜观察了脐带血单核细胞在降温过程中与冰晶间的相互机械作用,比较了在不同保护剂情况下有无静电场的降温过程中,冰晶形成和生长以及由此引起的机械作用的变化.结果表明,在脐血中的细胞与冰晶间存在一定的机械作用,静电场的引入在一定程度上改变了冰晶的形成和生长特性,使其细化;不同的保护剂,由于其本身的化学机制不同,对冰晶的抑制影响也不同.     

脂质体悬浮液结晶对其冻干品质影响的研究

利用低温显微镜系统对含有不同浓度海藻糖的脂质体悬浮液,在不同的降温速率下的结晶现象进行显微研究,得出不同条件下的冰晶生长图像,并研究脂质体在不同的降温速率下的冻干过程,比较了不同降温速率下的冻干脂质体的外观和冻干脂质体复水后的囊泡粒径变化,结果表明,对于液体药品快速冻结后得到的冻干品质量优于慢速冻结。     

冷冻保存小鼠胚胎简易方法的研究

小鼠胚胎在冷冻保护剂二甲亚砜(DMSO)存在下,冷冻到-196℃,解冻以后可以存活。在无胚胎冷冻机的条件下,我们用简易冷冻装置,将不同胚龄的鼠胚放入其中,经缓慢降温后保存于液氮内。冷冻胚胎快速解冻后,胚胎回收率达67—79%。选择解冻后正常胚胎进行体外培养,48—72小时后能进一步发育为其存活标准,冷冻后胚胎存活率为66.07%。此方法简便易行便于推广。     

临床医学中若干低温热物理问题的研究

综述了临床医学中若干低温热物理新问题的研究进展.其中包括溶液冻结过程的显微研究;小样品淬入过冷液氮中的沸腾传热和超快速冷却技术;低温冷冻外科手术治疗的过程控制;血管冻结过程中微裂纹的产生及其防止;脂质体靶向性药物的低温冷冻干燥;用于异种移植免疫隔离的微胶囊化胰岛及其低温保存等.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.