南海北部陆缘深水区礁相碳酸盐岩的地球物理特征

利用地震、钻井及测井资料,通过地震剖面的精细解释对南海北部陆缘深水区中新世礁相碳酸盐岩分布进行研究.并采用地球物理反演及地震属性研究方法,分析已有钻井的礁相碳酸盐岩的储层物性.结果表明:储层物性良好的礁相碳酸盐岩具有较高渗透率、高孔隙度、高波阻抗及高P波速度,同时纵向及横向上具有不均一性;储集物性较差的礁相碳酸盐岩渗透率和孔隙度都比较低,而纵向及横向均一性较好,波阻抗也相对较高;琼东南盆地深水区礁相碳酸盐岩在储层物性上接近于流花11-1(LH11-1)储层,表现为高速度、强波阻抗以及横向上的不均一性,可以作为较好的储层.     

南海深水块体搬运沉积体系及其油气勘探意义

依据块体搬运沉积体系的地球物理识别特征,利用最新采集的二维和三维高分辨率地震资料,在南海深水区域的琼东南盆地、白云凹陷和文莱深水地层中发现了块体搬运沉积体系(MTDs);建立典型MTDs的沉积模式,探讨MTDs的深水油气勘探意义.结果表明:MTDs表现为弱振幅和反射杂乱的特点,发育正断层、逆冲断层、挤压脊和褶皱等沉积构造;典型的MTDs可以划分为头部拉张区域、体部滑移—挤压区域和趾部挤压区域3个结构单元;MTDs主要是富泥沉积物,在深水油气勘探中往往充当良好盖层,容易与浊流沉积体系一起形成深水地层圈闭,也有部分MTDs是富砂沉积物,可以成为潜在油气储层.     

南海北部陆缘多金属结核的内部显微构造特征及其地质意义

多金属结核在形成过程中因环境不同而产生显微构造与物质成分的差异.选取采自南海北部陆缘的多金属结核,运用高倍率偏反光显微镜对其显微构造进行了初步的研究,显微构造呈现:层纹状、叠层状、柱状、颗粒状、掌状、斑状、条带状、裂隙充填状及脉状等丰富的形态,反映了边缘海多金属结核生长过程中古海洋环境变化的多样性与复杂性.     

南海北部边缘区域地质与油气运聚成藏规律

南海北部边缘盆地处于欧亚、印度-澳大利亚及太平洋三大板块相互作用的特殊构造位置,区域地质背景及地球动力学条件复杂,油气地质现象丰富多彩,不同大陆边缘区域地质背景及构造     

中国南海油气资源前景

南海处于欧亚板块、太平洋板块和印—澳板块三大板块的交汇处,经历了复杂的地质作用和演化过程,在其北部、西部和中南部形成了数目众多、类型各异的沉积盆地,石油地质条件优越,油气资源潜力巨大。其中南海北部陆架区已经成为中国近海的主要油气产区之一,陆坡深水区的勘探也获得了重大突破。目前,我国传统疆域内的油气资源正在不断受到南海周边国家的蚕食,因此,应该加快南海地区的油气资源勘探,切实维护国家主权和领土完整。     

南海北部陆坡地形特征及其影响因素研究

南海北部陆坡位于南海北部大陆边缘,地质构造活动丰富,是大陆和深海进行物质和能量交换的重要过渡区。研究北部陆坡区复杂的地形地貌,有助于深化对南海北部陆缘海底地质活动与环境变化的认识,并为资源勘探与工程建设提供基础地质信息支撑。本研究基于全球水深地形图（General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans,GEBCO）数据及实测多波束数据,对南海北部陆坡的地形地貌进行研究,识别出不同的地貌类型,并探讨其形成和发展的控制因素。研究表明,南海北部陆坡发育有海台、海山、海丘、海槽、海底峡谷以及冷泉地貌类型。南海北部陆坡地形地貌的发育和演化主要受控于构造活动及火山活动,而外动力地质作用如沉积输运、海平面变化及甲烷流体的活动等,都对研究区的地形地貌做了进一步的改造,使之更加复杂。     

中国海洋深水油气工程技术与装备创新需求预见及风险分析

 着眼于中国南海油气工程技术与装备创新发展问题,通过专家咨询调研,梳理了深水油气工程技术与装备发展现状,并将其分成深水油气勘探技术与装备、深水油气田高效开发工程模式、深水钻完井关键技术与装备、深水油气生产与输送关键技术与装备4个领域,构建了相应的4级层次评价模型,运用德尔菲法和权值因子判断法对深水油气工程技术与装备进行了量化分析和重要性排序,并对相应的关键装备系统进行了风险分析。研究结果表明,在深水油气工程中比较重要的技术与装备内容包括：深水油气勘探技术、油气田开发先进井型技术、浮式钻井平台/钻井船总体结构设计制造技术、深水钻井隔水管安装与作业控制技术、水下井口系统设计制造技术及其安全高效安装技术、深水钻完井安全高效作业技术、浮式生产平台总体结构设计制造技术、水下采油树系统设计制造技术及其安全控制技术以及电液复合式控制系统设计制造技术等;深水油气工程装备组成复杂,海洋环境和作业工况恶劣,导致泥浆循环、深水钻井隔水管、水下井口与采油树、油气处理、水下管汇及水下生产控制等系统出现失效的风险较高,可通过优化设计控制降低装备失效概率。     

南海北部浮游植物的时空异质性研究

 为研究南海北部浮游植物时空变化规律及其与海洋环境响应关系,采用1997-2002年开展的“南海专属经济区和大陆架渔业资源及其栖息环境调查”所取得的浮游植物调查数据,利用GIS空间局部插值法构建景观分析模型,对南海北部浮游植物时空异质性进行了分析。结果表明,南海北部海区浮游植物密度变化范围为0.03(4 179×10⁴ 个/m³,总平均为87.2×10⁴ 个/m³,夏冬春秋四季浮游植物平均密度由高至低。南海北部浮游植物总体近海高于远海,且在近海海域呈斑块状分布格局,斑块一般出现在北部湾中北部上升流区、粤东遮浪上升流区、台湾浅滩上升流区和粤西沿岸电白-阳江上升流区等南海北部几个重要上升流区内。浮游植物密度最高值斑块一般随着季风和沿岸流的季节转换而交替向东或向西方向进行有规律的漂移。     

中国南海北部新生代古环境的变迁

为了解中国南海北部新生代古环境的变迁,在分析参考相关科学成果的基础上,综述该区域的古环境的变迁。早第三纪珠江口盆地以陆相、河湖相沉积为主,气温凉爽,属暖温带至北亚热带环境;晚第三纪,从晚渐新世到上新世晚期,该区域由淡水湖泊沉积环境,逐渐过渡到海、陆交互环境、潮问带或浅水滨海沉积环境、浅海环境等,气候也演变成潮湿的热带、亚热带气候。第四纪,随着冰期、间冰期的波动,沉积环境也分别呈近岸陆面剥蚀环境一浅水滨海沉积环境或浅海环境的交替。香港地区“岗岭山坡”区段属陆面风化剥蚀环境,而在“河谷平原”则由陆面风化剥蚀环境演变为陆面河、湖相或沼泽沉积环境。古环境的变迁主要受太阳幅射脉动状态等综合因素的影响。     

南海深海盆的沉积充填

依据大洋钻探井及地震剖面资料,定量确定南海同扩张期和后扩张期深海盆沉积充填差异及沉积物来源变化。研究显示,南海深海盆自渐新世(32 Ma)开始形成,随着南海二次扩张海盆范围逐渐扩大,海盆内主要充填火山碎屑角砾岩及火山灰,碳酸盐岩、超微化石软泥,泥质粘土、粉砂质粘土、泥岩及粉细砂岩。深海盆充填主要沉积物为晚中新世(11.6Ma)以来的陆源碎屑沉积,丰富陆源碎屑的供给与南海闭合过程中同期区域构造事件(如青藏高原快速隆升、菲律宾板块俯冲)密切相关,也与晚中新世以来东亚季风增强以及源区强烈的风化剥蚀有关。     

南海北部大陆架海洋生态系统Ecopath模型的应用与分析

过度捕捞和环境恶化导致渔业资源和海洋生态系统逆向发展。采用EwE5.1软件,对南海北部大陆架建立Ecopath(生态通道模型)模型。通过各级流量、生物量、生产量、捕捞量、系统总流量以及生态位和混和营养效应等方面的分析,得出营养流通主要有2种途径,肉食鱼类间饵料竞争非常激烈,低值鱼类间具相似的捕食压力,顶级捕食者对大部分鱼类负效应不明显。系统受过度捕捞渔业影响很大,并存在营养级I利用效率低和渔业资源小型化、低值化等不稳定的幼态特征。     

Late Miocene Red River submarine fan,northwestern South China Sea

A huge submarine fan is discovered through the research of the seismic and borehole data in the binding site of Yinggehai basin and Qiongdongnan basin in northwestern South China Sea.The fan,mainly formed during Late Miocene (Huangliu period) has an area over 10000 km 2 and maximum thickness of over 2000 m.It is characterized by a wedge-shaped oblique progradation configuration on the dip profile and a hummocky bidirectional progradation configuration on the strike profile.The core and Logging data from the well YC35-1-2 located in the front side of the fan indicate that sandy gravity flow deposits are predominant in lower Huangliu Formation and change to interbeds of sand and mud in upper Huangliu Formation.The fan is interpreted as a sand/mud-rich submarine fan in combination with the bathyal geological background of Huangliu period.A preliminary analysis of provenance indicates that neither the Guiren Uplift in the west nor the Hainan Uplift in the north can serve as the major provenance for the submarine fan.The provenance is considered to be from the Red River,based on the sedimentary facies study of the Huangliu Formation in Yinggehai basin.The fan is thus named as "Red River submarine fan".The Red River depositional system consists of the Red River submarine fan,the Red River delta,and associated submarine canyons.The discovery of the Red River submarine fan provides important information for the research of the uplift of Tibetan Plateau and the evolvement of Red River Fault Zone.Furthermore,it also points out a new direction for the deepwater hydrocarbon exploration in the northern South China Sea.     

南海海盆演变与深部海流

南海在距今34 Ma之前的始新世从陆地变为海洋,古水深不断加深,至距今24 Ma之前的中新世/渐新世之交,由于T60构造运动,南海海盆整体进入深海环境。但是,自中新世以来随着吕宋岛弧向欧亚板块碰撞,南海海盆的半封闭程度在距今10.0、6.5、3.0和1.2 Ma之前加剧,导致南海深部海水只能来自巴士海峡海槛深度2600 m以浅的太平洋。此后,巴士海峡两侧的南海与太平洋深部海水交换,由于全球海平面变化,呈现冰期/间冰期模式。     

Characteristics of hydrocarbon accumulation and exploration potential of the northern South China Sea deepwater basins

Although the huge potential of the northern South China Sea deepwater basins has been proven by a series of discoveries that followed the exploration breakthrough of well LW 3-1-1, recent drilling and other studies have demonstrated the uniqueness and complicated nature of hydrocarbon accumulations of the deepwater basins there. Based on a review of previous work and the latest exploration activities and studies, the purpose of this paper is to discuss the critical controls for hydrocarbon accumulations in the deepwater basins of the northern South China Sea. A terrestrial-marine transitional coal-bearing source rock is proposed to be the primary source rock for the deepwater basins. A marine source rock, which was first identified as contributing to hydro-carbon generation in this region, probably plays a significant role in the deep-and ultra-deep water basins south to the Pearl River Mouth and Qingdongnan basins. The shelf margin delta depositional systems in the Baiyun Sag, sourced from the Pearl River, are currently primary exploration targets in the deepwater part of the Pearl River Mouth Basin, whereas the western Red River delta-ic-submarine fan depositional systems, initially proven by drilling, are the possible major exploration reservoirs in the Qing-dongnan deepwater areas. Current deepwater exploration targets at the large-sized structural traps and deep and ultra-deep areas in the south of the Pearl River Mouth and Qingdongnan basins will be the future exploration focus. Deepwater exploration activities and relevant fundamental studies, supporting and promoting each other, are of great importance to the national energy supply of China, the basic regional studies of the South China Sea, advancements in technology, and development of related deepwater industries, and will safeguard national sovereignty and territorial integrity.     

The deep thermal characteristic of continental margin of the northern South China Sea

Heat flow plays an important role in the study of thermal structure and thermal evolution of continental margin of the northern South China Sea. The analysis of heat flow value shows that margin heat flow in the northern South China Sea is relatively high setting, but the percentage of crustal heat flow is lower than 35% in terrestrial heat flow. The terrestrial heat flow exhibited a current of rise from the Northern Continental Margin to the Southern Central Basin. However, the proportion of crustal heat flow in terrestrial heat flow slowly dropped down in the same direction. It is suggested that the main factor causing high heat flow setting is the moving up of hot material from asthenosphere.     

南海深水海域近代沉积物中饱和烃的地球化学特征及其来源

对南海深水海域(水深>130 m)的6个表层沉积物样中的饱和烃进行了测试,正构烷烃nC21-/nC21 一般小于0.6,意味着陆源高等植物生物蜡来源的正构烷烃占优势,CPI值比正常海洋沉积物明显偏低.较高含量的不溶复杂混合物(UCM)、iC16、iC18、植烷、姥鲛烷被检测到,地质构型藿烷、甾烷在甾萜类化合物中为优势组分,萜甾烷参数显示了较为成熟的信息.饱和烃的多种地球化学参数不同程度的显示了石油源有机质混入的迹象,混入的石油源烃可能主要来自人类活动和海底天然油苗.     

Deep-water Oligocene pollen record from South China Sea

Leg 184 of ODP recovered a record of deepwater sediments spanning the past 32.8 Ma from the South China Sea (SCS). The sediments of the Ofigocene (32.8-23.8 Ma) at Site 1148 contain relatively abundant fossil pollen. The pollen analysis at Site 1148 has established the first pollen assemblage sequence of deep-water Oligocene in the China Sea. The pollen assemblages of the Ofigocene are dominated by montane conifer tree pollen. The abundances of broad-leaved tree pollen are lower in the assemblages.Both of the montane conifer and broad-leaved tree pollen groups include mainly tropical-subtropical components. The pollen of cold and drought-enduring plants is present in lower content. The distinct change in pollen assemblage sequence of deep-water Oligocene of the SCS occurred at 32.0 Ma, indicative of an important shift of the Oligocene climate in the SCS region. The characteristics of the pollen flora of the deep-water Oligocene indicate the tropical montane ralnforest and lowland ralnforest developed on the areas around the SCS before 32.0 Ma, reflecting the warm and wet climatic condition. In the pollen flora of the Oligocene after 32.0 Ma, the temperate montane conifer and cool and drought-en- during deciduous tree taxa remarkably increased, indicating that the climate in the SCS region became comparatively cool and dry.     

南海表面海温异常对南海季风影响的数值模拟

采用P-σ混合坐标系区域气候模式模拟了4－7月南海季风的爆发、演变过程，并进行了3组敏感性数值试验，研究南海表面海温异常对南海季风的影响，得到以下结论：（1）南海4月份海温异常对南海季风的爆发日期影响不大，但对季风爆发后的强度有所影响，异常增温造成南海季风增强，异常降温则南海季风减弱。（2）南海季风爆发和强度的变化与南海本身的海温变化情况有密切的关系，尤其是5月份南海海温异常。5月份南海异常增温可以使南海季风提前爆发，季风增强，南海海温异常降低时，南海季风爆发的时间推迟，季风减弱。（3）南海海温持续异常可以影响南海及中国大陆的高低空环流变化，海温持续异常增温可以使南海季风提前爆发，显地加强南海季风，并有利于南海季风向北推进，但当海温在6月份进一步持续增温时，则有利于季风维持在较南地区，阻碍季风向北发展；当海温持续异常降低时，南海季风推迟爆发，且明显减弱。     

南海北部大陆架海洋生态系统Ecosim模型的动态模拟

为了确定最佳的渔业政策,采用EwE 5.1软件,对南海北部大陆架海洋生态系统构建了1987-1998年Ecosim(时间动态)模型。Ecosim模型包含了32个功能组,初始参数来源于20世纪80年代末期静态平衡的Ecopath模型。通过营养关系,分析了渔业捕捞对主要经济鱼类的动态影响。结果显示1998年系统总输出、总生物量都有不同程度的增加,而总捕捞量则有所降低;强化的捕捞压力导致了低值小型鱼类被捕食压力的间接缓解,大中型高价值鱼类的生物量发生明显下降;说明了生态系统呈现出逆向发育的主要原因在于过度捕捞所产生的从上而下(top-down)的控制作用。