Influence of mesoscale topography on vortex intensity

The effect of mesoscale topography on multi-vortex self-organization is investigated numerically in this paper using a barotropic primitive equation model with topographic term. In the initial field there are one DeMaria major vortex with the maximum wind radius rm of 80 km at the center of the computational domain, and four meso-β vortices in the vicinity of rm to the east of the major vortex center. When there is no topography present, the initial vortices self-organize into a quasi-final state flow pattern, i.e. a quasi-axisymmetric vortex whose intensity is close to that of the initial major vortex. However, when a mesoscale topography is incorporated, the spatial scale of the quasi-final state vortex reduces, and the relative vorticity at the center of the vortex and the local maximum wind speed remarkably increase. The possible mechanism for the enhancement of the quasi-final state vortex might be that the negative relative vorticity lump, generated above the mesoscale topography because of the constraint of absolute vorticity conservation, squeezes the center of positive vorticity towards the mountain slope area, and thus reduces the spatial range of the major vortex. Meanwhile, because the total kinetic energy is basically conservative, the squeezing directly leads to the concentration of the energy in a smaller area, i.e. the strengthening of the vortex.     

Energy dispersion of complex non-isolated vortices

Energy dispersion is a fundamental scientific problem in the study of natural disasters such as typhoons, heavy rain and earthquakes. The problem has been addressed by both multi-discipline research and forecast studies. The dynamics of isolated circular vortex energy dispersion have been solved. However, the disastrous results of typhoons and heavy rain often occur due to non-isolated circular vortices, the dynamics of which are explored in this paper. The energy dispersion characteristics of non-isolated vortices with complex structural patterns are examined using a linearized nondivergent barotropical vorticity equation model. In the initial field, a tropical cyclone (TC) vortex and a meso-scale vortex coexist, forming a complex structural pattern. An analytic solution based on a Fourier transform and simulations using a two-dimensional model show the following. (1) A wave train of TC-G-D may be created by the energy dispersion where the line connecting the three member centers of the wave train is parallel to the x axis in the case of an initial TC vortex without a meso-scale vortex. (2) A wave train of TC-G-D may also be created by energy dispersion. However, the line connecting the three member centers of the wave train would no longer be parallel to the x axis. Instead, they would form a triangle in the presence of the initial TC vortex with the meso-scale vortex. (3) There is a nonlinear relationship between the initial intensity of the meso-scale vortex and the base angle of the triangle. These results have the potential to be applied in the field of typhoon forecasting.     

Numerical simulation of Meiyu front and the diagnosis of moist vorticity vector

Moist vorticity vector is introduced to study the development and evolution of mesoscale convective vortex (MCV) in the Meiyu front precipitation with the Advanced Regional Predication System (ARPS). In this study, the heavy rainfall is simulated to investigate the genesis, development and dissipation of middle scale convective vortex, which occurred from 0000 UTC 3 July to 1200 UTC 5 July over the Jianghuai River valley. Moist vorticity vector (MVV) has zonal, radial and vertical components in its 3D spatial distribution. The simulation shows that the vertical component of moist vorticity vector well demonstrates the spatial distribution characteristics of middle scale convective vortex, especially in the process of Meiyu front precipitation. Diagnosis upon zonal, radial averaged and mass-integrated quantities of MVV shows that its vertical component and the surface precipitating ratio are in phase with a correlation coefficient of 0.68, indicating that the vertical component of MVV is closely associated with the Meiyu front precipitation. In addition, the tendency of the vertical component of MVV is mainly determined by the interaction between the vorticity and the zonal and radial gradient of condensational or depositional heating.     

Spiral rainband in a numerically simulated tropical cyclone

Spiral rainband is a prominent structure of tropical cyclone. Though its forming mechanism, vortex Rossby wave theory, has been widely accepted in recent years,its internal structural features are still not well known. The spiral rainband in the severe tropical storm Kammuri (2002),which caused heavy rainfall in southeast China, is simulated using the mesoscale model MM5 (V3). Results show that the simulated spiral rainband propagates azimuthally at a speed close to that of vortex Rossby wave in theory, and is accompanied with energy dispersion in the radial direction. The structural features of simulated spiral rainband are analyzed with the high-resolution model output including the full physical process. Positive vorticity, ascending motion, horizontal momentum and so on are highly concentrated in the spiral rainband. The convergent moisture of spiral rainband comes mostly from the planetary boundary layer under 1 km.Airflow from the outside of spiral rainband is convective instability, which can provide instability energy for convection development. However, the atmospheric stratification in the inside of spiral rainband is neutral, implying that the instability energy has been released. There is a mesoscale strong wind band just near the spiral rainband in the outer side with a maximum wind speed exceeding 30 m/s, which results from the pressure force acceleration when the air flows into the spiral rainband along the gradient of pressure.     

Layered Multi-mode Optimal Control Strategy for Multi-MW Wind Turbine

The control strategy is one of the most important renewable technology, and an increasing number of multi- MW wind turbines are being developed with a variable speed-variable pitch （ VS-VP ） technology. The main objective of adopting a VS-VP technology is to improve the fast response speed and capture maximum energy. But the power generated by wind turbine changes rapidly because of the continuous fluctuation of wind speed and direction. At the same time, wind energy conversion systems are of high order, time delays and strong nonlinear characteristics because of many uncertain factors. Based on analyzing the all dynamic processes of wind turbine, a kind of layered multi-mode optimal control strategy is presented which is that three control strategies： bang-bang, fuzzy and adaptive proportional integral derivative （PID） are adopted according to different stages and expected performance of wind turbine to capture optimum wind power, compensate the nonlinearity and improve the wind turbine performance at low, rated and high wind speed.     

An experiment study of lee vortex with large topography forcing

This paper, relates the lee vortex which is triggered when the rotating and stratified flow passes over the large obstacle by using towing tank and based on the similarity. The results show that Froude number Fr is the most important parameter, and, in the rotating case, the lee vortex is easily triggered, because the rotating may, on one hand,lead to downward flow, on the other hand, induce lee vortex through generating geostrophic vorticity. Even in the non-rotating case, the lee vortex can be still formed, as long as both Froude number Fr and stratification parameter N are appropriate. For the formation mechanism of the lee vortex, there are obvious differences in the rotating case compared with the non-rotating case. In the non-rotating case, the tilting term of the perturbation vorticity is a dominant factor of inducing the lee vortex. However, in the rotating case, effect and the convergence of perturbation vorticity are dominant factors.     

Entropy equilibrium equation and dynamic entropy production in environment liquid

The entropy equilibrium equation is the basis of the nonequilibrium state thermodynamics. But the internal energy implies the kinetic energy of the fluid micelle relative to mass center in the classical entropy equilibrium equation at present. This internal energy is not the mean kinetic energy of molecular movement in thermodynamics. Here a modified entropy equilibrium equation is deduced, based on the concept that the internal energy is just the mean kinetic energy of the molecular movement. A dynamic entropy production is introduced into the entropy equilibrium equation to describe the dynamic process distinctly. This modified entropy equilibrium equation can describe not only the entropy variation of the irreversible processes but also the reversible processes in a thermodynamic system. It is more reasonable and suitable for wider applications.     

Experimental investigation on the flow structure over a simplified Papilio Ulysses model

The aerodynamic characteristics of butterflies, especially those which can migrate overseas, have received a great deal of attention because they have larger-scale wingspans and lower flapping frequencies than other insects such as drosophilae and bees. The objective of this work is to investi-gate the flow structures over a simplified model of Papilio Ulysses, one kind of migratory butterflies, through hydrogen bubble visualizations, and leading-edge vortices, wing-tip vortices, separation bub-bles and horseshoe vortex wake are observed. Moreover, the variations of these structures with the angle of attack are discussed in detail. A new type of leading-edge vortices which resembles the in- versed Chinese character “八” is observed in the experiment.     

Effect of surface waves on air-sea momentum flux in high wind conditions for typhoons in the South China Sea

The WAVEWATCH-III wave model is implemented in the South China Sea to investigate the air-sea momentum flux in high wind conditions during 23 passages of typhoon occurred in 2005. The wave model is driven by the reanalyzed surface winds assimilated by several meteorologic data sources. The friction velocity was calculated and the relationships between different air-sea momentum param- eters were studied. The results show that the drag coefficient decreases with the wave age generally and levels off for wind speeds higher than 35 m/s under typhoon wind forcing. The spatial variations of air-sea momentum flux parameters in high wind conditions forced by typhoons are completely different from those at weak wind speeds and significantly depend on the relative position from the typhoon center.     

Direct numerical simulation of a particle-laden weak-shearing plane jet

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) has been utilized to solve numerically a two-dimensional compressible weak-shearing plane jet, in which the jet exit velocity and the co-flow velocity are in the same magnitude (2∶1 in this paper). We also use the one-way coupling method to simulate the dispersion behaviors of solid particles in various representative sizes, i.e. St=0.01, 1, 10, 100, where St is the Stokes number. We get a vorticity field with fully varicose (symmetrical) modes and the entire precise processes of the rolling-up of one spanwise vortex, the pairing of two vortexes and the mixing of three vortexes. The mean longitudinal velocity (U) profile compares well against the experimental results. The Reynolds stress profile looks special due to the symmetrical vorticity field. The particles whose St=0.01 reproduce the vortex structures in detail, and the ones of St=1 exhibit interesting self-organized behaviors and possess the most non-uniform concentration field. They disperse uniformly around the single and pairing vortex kernels, while a few of them are arranged almost in a straight line in the center region of the paring vortexes, which is caused by the contribution of the border of two vortexes in the pairing process. St=10 and 100 can be treated as large particles, on which the flow field has few impacts.     

Influence of mesoscale topography on vortex intensity

The effect of mesoscale topography on multi-vortex self-organization is investigated numerically in this paper using a barotropic primitive equation model with topographic term. In the initial field there are one DeMaria major vortex with the maximum wind radius rm of 80 km at the center of the computational domain, and four meso-β vortices in the vicinity of rm to the east of the major vortex center.When there is no topography present, the initial vortices self-organize into a quasi-final state flow pattern, I.e. A quasi-axisymmetric vortex whose intensity is close to that of the initial major vortex. However, when a mesoscale topography is incorporated, the spatial scale of the quasi-final state vortex reduces, and the relative vorticity at the center of the vortex and the local maximum wind speed remarkably increase. The possible mechanism for the enhancement of the quasi-final state vortex might be that the negative relative vorticity lump,generated above the mesoscale topography because of the constraint of absolute vorticity conservation, squeezes the center of positive vorticity towards the mountain slope area, and thus reduces the spatial range of the major vortex. Meanwhile, because the total kinetic energy is basically conservative, the squeezing directly leads to the concentration of the energy in a smaller area, I.e. The strengthening of the vortex.     

二维浅水流动的离散涡方法

根据二维浅水流动中旋涡既可产生于流动边界层，也可在主流场中自生自灭的特点，建立起Eulerian-Lagrangian框架下的二维浅水流动离散涡方法；利用该方法数值仿真了高雷诺数下的二维浅水方柱绕流，得到了流动的速度场、涡谱，计算结果中明显可见流动分离、旋涡以及旋涡随时间的发展演化，即模拟出流动所具有的非定常不稳定等非线性特征。     

中国东部地区一个中尺度对流涡旋的涡度收支分析

中尺度对流涡旋(MCV),与其他中尺度涡旋不同,有着其独特的动力机制与发展途径.一旦MCV形成,极易产生灾害性天气过程.为了解我国的MCV,使用非静力中尺度模式天气预报和研究模式对中国东部2003年7月4至5日降水过程进行了高分辨率的双向三重嵌套的数值模拟.与观测资料比较,模拟结果较为准确地再现了当时的大气状况.采用了空间滤波的方法对模式结果进行了大尺度背景场与中尺度扰动场的尺度分离,对MCV的结构与移动进行分析,并追随MCV的活动对其的涡度收支情况进行诊断分析.分析表明,大尺度背景场与中尺度扰动场对MCV的作用有着明显的差异.MCV的移动由大尺度背景风场引导;其中辐合作用直接决定了MCV的形成与发展,大尺度水平运动对中尺度涡度的水平输送为水平平流项的主要部分.而由垂直风速的水平变化所导致的水平涡度的倾斜作用在此MCV形成与发展阶段作用并不明显.成熟时的MCV与成熟时的中尺度对流复合体类似有着3个明显的环流,在对流层高层与低层均为辐散反气旋性环流,对流层中层则为较为深厚的气旋性环流.     

圆柱绕流远场涡对的数值模拟

基于离散涡方法求得非定常、不稳定流场,数值模拟了三种不同时刻高雷诺数下圆柱绕流结构的发展,从流谱图、等涡量线图和涡谱图可以清晰地看出从近场的初生卡门涡街,过渡到远场的二次涡街的过程,计算结果发现：远场离散涡有形成二个涡的涡对及三个涡的涡对的趋势,计算结果说明了流体运动中涡对结构的本质：由于来流是均匀的,没有加入任何拔动,当流体流过钝体时产生具有剧烈分离的不稳定流动,因此在远场形成的二次涡对及卡门涡     

龙卷风风场的数值模拟研究

基于同济大学研制的龙卷风物理模拟装置,运用数值模拟方法构建了物理模拟器的数值计算模型,并通过对比龙卷风风场的物理试验模拟结果和现场实测结果,验证了数值计算模型的可行性.在此验证基础上,研究了3种不同涡流比条件下的龙卷风风场结构,对比了不同涡流比条件下龙卷风的三维风场速度(切向速度、径向速度和轴向速度)分布形态、风压分布、龙卷风涡核半径和气流脉动特性.研究结果表明:随着涡流比的增大,龙卷风风场最大切向风速逐渐增大,涡核中心气压降明显降低,涡核半径随之变大,涡核中心附近切向风速的标准差变小;涡流比的增大使龙卷风单涡核逐渐破碎,发展到双涡核.     

用LBM方法模拟壁面驱动粘性不可压半圆形空腔流

基于格子Boltzmann方法(LBM)数值模拟壁面驱动的粘性不可压半圆形空腔流. 采用具有二阶精度的曲线边界处理方法, 得到了不同雷诺数下的流线图、 涡线图及速度分量沿半圆形中心线的分布. 在小雷诺数的条件下, 流动状态仅由一个涡组成; 随着雷诺数的增加, 出现一个二级涡, 涡的大小与雷诺数有关. 数值结果表明, 格子Boltzmann方法简单有效, 适合处理该问题.     

高原东侧低涡切变线发展的个例数值研究──Ⅱ．中尺度数值模拟

通过应用和发展ＭＭ４中尺度数值模式模拟系统，对１９８３年７月的川陕暴雨中尺度系统进行了一系列２４ｈ数值试验，其中包括：初始风场处理，物理过程和地形动力强迫对西南涡切变线发展的作用。结果指出：有辐散风场能为中尺度系统模拟提供良好的初始值，平均无辐散风则稍差；水汽凝结的潜热释放对中尺度系统发展的强度，结构有决定影响；而地面热通量相对前者略小；地面摩擦则对系统发展不利，表现为涡度汇，耗散动能并使低涡平移。高原地形构形对西南涡在四川盆地７００ｈＰａ维持非常必要。同时证明，运用大尺度分析资料做中尺度预报是可行，用于中尺度诊断则不可取。     

大气压下介质阻挡放电等离子体诱导起始涡的实验研究

对介质阻挡放电等离子体激励器进行了参数化分析,考察了诱导速度和功率随信号波形、激励电压、信号频率、电极间距等参数变化的规律,同时采用流场显示方法和PIV技术研究等离子体在静止流场中诱导的涡系结构生长和演化过程.结果表明,等离子体通过诱导产生的起始涡存在3种主要的涡系结构,即裸露电极下游的主涡、裸露电极上游的反向涡以及主涡侧下方的二次诱导涡.进一步分析了主涡和反向涡的产生和发展过程,通过和激励器放电电流波形及放电图像的对比分析,揭示了起始涡的产生机理,同时也证实了介质阻挡放电等离子体产生诱导气流机理的正确性.