海气耦合方式对月尺度气候模拟场的影响

将一个海洋表层流模式与ｐσ混合坐标系球带大气模式耦合，进行了三种月尺度的海气耦合试验，讨论了海气耦合方式对模拟结果的影响.表明，在一个月的时间尺度内，海温的变化主要受大气和海洋间的热交换影响，海流的影响是次一级的.因此，无海流的海气耦合方式足以描述月尺度的海温变化.但海流引起的海温对月尺度气候场的模拟特征还是有影响的，特别是东半球的夏季风系统有较敏感的响应.     

东亚季风区气候和生态系统相互作用的诊断和模拟研究

大气圈和生物圈的相互作用是连接地球系统中生命世界和无生命世界的重要过程之一，也是地球环境变化中一个最基本的过程。通过卫星遥感植被和地表覆盖信息与气候要素关系的诊断分析以及生态和气候模式的数值模拟，揭示了东亚季风区气候和生态系统相互作用的基本特征，包括季节、年际和长期的季风气候变化对生态系统的影响和大范围植被覆盖状况的变化对季风气候的影响。结果表明，东亚季风区与气候与生态系统相互作用最为强烈的地区之一，这里陆地生态系统的时空变率表现出明显的对季风气候的响应特征；另一方面，人类活动引起的大范围植被覆盖状况的变化可以对季风气候产生显的反馈影响，它们是叠加在季风系统自然变率之上的一种重要变化。同时，虚拟试验表明，通过有序的人类活动，因地制宜，合理利用土地资源，保护和恢复自然植被，可以产生明显的气候和环境效应。     

土地利用/土地覆盖变化对区域气候影响的生物地球物理途径研究进展

本文从LUCC对气候影响的生物地球物理途径角度阐述其对气候系统的影响机制,并且结合多项研究结果归纳了诸如森林砍伐/造林活动、城市化、农业发展等人类LUCC活动在区域尺度的气候效应.气候模式是研究LUCC对区域气候及其变化最重要的试验工具之一,本文概括了气候模式经历了大气环流模式、区域气候模式、耦合的大气-陆面模式等一系列发展过程及其特点,提出利用遥感技术获取气候模式中的地面生物物理参数可以大幅提高模拟精度.最后,评论了目前LUCC气候效应研究中存在的问题,提出未来研究应着手降低区域气候模式模拟的不确定性,引入景观生态学理论与方法等可以更好地了解人类活动与气候变化的关系,进而制定适应气候变化的区域土地系统优化方案.     

短期区域气候预测系统及回报试验

为了提高短期区域气候预测准确率,针对我国大陆区域及周边海域,通过国家气候中心全球海气耦合模式嵌套一个区域大气-海洋耦合模式,建立了一套短期区域气候预测系统。利用该预测系统对2006-2011年逐年7月的气候特征进行了回报试验,对比分析了区域模式相对于全球模式预测高空形势场的差异,评估了预测系统对地面温度和降水的预测能力。试验表明:同化后,初估场质量显著提高;区域模式在预测高空形势场方面优于全球模式;相对于单独的大气模式,海气耦合模式在预测中低空的温度和湿度方面有一定的改善;系统对地面气温和降水均具有一定的预报能力,其中降水预测稍好。     

东亚地区人为硫酸盐气溶胶辐射气候效应不同模拟方法的对比

 利用区域气候模式RegCM2与大气化学模式连接的模拟系统,研究了中国地区人为排放生成的硫酸盐气溶胶分布及其辐射气候效应,并与全球模式的结果进行了比较,同时对比了硫酸盐气溶胶辐射气候效应的在线、离线模拟方法所得结果差异的细致情况.通过以上工作表明:区域气候和大气化学耦合模式系统能在比大气环流模式更精细的尺度上获得硫酸盐分布规律和辐射气候效应;并且区域气候模式与大气化学模式的在线与离线连接方法得到的硫酸盐柱含量、有反馈和无反馈大气顶直接辐射强迫和地表温度响应在较小区域平均的尺度上存在较显著的差异,并且在全区域平均尺度上也不能被忽略;通过对气候响应的进一步分析发现:模拟结果显示了从硫酸盐含量到辐射强迫和地表温度响应逐渐加大的不确定性.     

温室气体变化数值模拟试验中全球降水和温度变化的迟滞效应

利用耦合气候模式(GFDL-CM2.1)研究变动气候背景下全球平均降水和温度的变化。不同情景CO2 强迫试验表明, 降水变化存在明显的迟滞效应。全球平均降水与地表温度的变化存在显著的线性关系, 但是降水同时也受到CO2 浓度的直接影响。在CO2 增加又恢复的试验中, 降水变化滞后于地表温度变化, 出现降水 “迟滞效应”。在CO2 增加过程中, 温室效应增强会立即导致大气长波吸收增强, 大气获得的净辐射能量增加, 为维持大气能量收支平衡, 地面向上潜热通量受到抑制, 形成CO2 增加对降水的抑制效应。随之而来的温度上升则主要引起大气层顶出射长波辐射以及大气对地表的长波回辐射增加, 大气净辐射能量减少, 地面潜热通量增加, 从而引起降水的增加。在CO2 减少过程中, 情况正好相反, 温室效应减弱会增加降水, 而温度降低会减少降水。温度和CO2 对降水的不同影响决定了降水的迟滞效应。     

Community Climate Model 3气候模式在东亚季风区产生虚假降水的一种可能原因

通过分析NCAR CCM3气候模式的15年积分结果,从形成降水的垂直运动和水汽供应条件的角度,试图揭示该模式在东亚季风区产生不合理虚假强降水的可能原因.与观测的降水分布相比,CCM3模拟的东亚季风区降水中心位置偏西,雨量偏强,其中对流降水占虚假降水中心总降水量的82%左右.进一步分析发现,对流层上层200 hPa副热带急流南侧的散度季节变化与110°E以西的虚假降水季节变化具有较好的对应关系,急流入口区附近的直接垂直环流上升支位于青藏高原东北部,同时由于急流南侧对流层上层辐散引起的抽吸作用,加强低层的垂直运动,从而为虚假的强对流降水形成提供上升运动条件.分析对流层低层的水汽(比湿)分布和水汽输送表明,模拟的青藏高原地区大气的水汽含量比NCEP/NCAR再分析的水汽含量高,经过高原从孟加拉湾输送到虚假降水中心地区的水汽偏强,从而为虚假的强对流降水形成提供了充足的水汽条件.因此,在改进气候模式对东亚季风区虚假降水的模拟性能时,除了对模式物理过程做改进外,在青藏高原附近地区的水汽分布和水汽输送以及对流层上层西风急流位置和强度模拟的合理性方面也需要引起足够的重视.     

中全新世和末次盛冰期东亚古气候的模拟

采用耦合了陆面过程的9层15波菱形截断全球大气环流谱模式(AGCM+SSiB),引入全球最新的6和21ka时陆面植被分布,并转换成模式格点值,开展了系统的6和21ka古气候模拟试验.结果表明,该模拟设计得出了较真实的气候特征,并揭示出太阳辐射和下垫面植被是中全新世气候格局的主控因子,而海温和北半球两大冰流则是末次盛冰期气候的主控因子.植被场改变对模拟结果影响的显著性检验表明,6ka时植被的改变对降水、温度和海平面气压场的模拟均有显著影响,而21ka时植被影响的显著性区域较小,且比较零散,说明寒冷气候时期对植被强迫改变的敏感性没有温暖气候时期大.     

基于CMIP5全球气候模式的中国典型区域干湿变化分析

基于CMIP5多全球气候模式数值模拟结果,包括空间分辨率0.5°的逐月历史气候数据和RCP2.6、RCP4.5、RCP8.5情景下未来气候变化预估数据,利用潜在蒸散发和降水量构建能够表征地表干湿状况的湿润指数,对中国东部季风区7个典型区1901—2100年干湿变化趋势进行了模拟和分析.结果表明:各分区在1901—2005年湿润指数均呈现下降趋势,其中珠江、长江、淮河流域变化较为平缓,黄河、海河流域和东北地区波动较大.可见在过去的100多年中,东部季风区整体上呈现不同程度的干旱化.在2006—2100年不同温室气体排放情景下,各分区的湿润指数呈现不同程度的波动,除了黄河上游地区湿润指数呈现增长趋势外,其他区域没有明显的变湿趋势.     

极端气候事件的模拟研究进展

介绍了气候模式的发展历程,综述了近年来全球范围内关于极端气候事件的研究现状,比较了不同模式对不同事件的模拟效果并探讨了模拟效果影响因素.虽然不同模式模拟结果有所差异,但大部分模式都能再现极端气候事件的演变过程,并能有效预测未来极端气候变化情况.综述了温室气体增加情景下我国未来极端气候变化的响应研究,提出了其中可能存在的问题,并对未来极端气候模拟研究进行了展望.     

用碳氧同位素对沱沱河盆地古近纪及新近纪早期气候变化的研究

鉴于目前对位于青藏高原上的沱沱河盆地研究不多,作者试用碳氧同位素比值的方法研究该地区新生代的始新世到中中新世这一时段内的气候环境变化情况.经过数据计算、图解和分析表明,沱沱河盆地从始新世到中中新世的气候环境变化可划分为两个阶段,即始新世-渐新世的炎热干燥气候期和中中新世的温暖湿润气候期.此研究结果将为进一步研究该地区的古环境变化提供依据.     

Persistent near-tropical warmth on the Antarctic continent during the early Eocene epoch

The warmest global climates of the past 65 million years occurred during the early Eocene epoch (about 55 to 48 million years ago), when the Equator-to-pole temperature gradients were much smaller than today and atmospheric carbon dioxide levels were in excess of one thousand parts per million by volume. Recently the early Eocene has received considerable interest because it may provide insight into the response of Earth's climate and biosphere to the high atmospheric carbon dioxide levels that are expected in the near future as a consequence of unabated anthropogenic carbon emissions. Climatic conditions of the early Eocene 'greenhouse world', however, are poorly constrained in critical regions, particularly Antarctica. Here we present a well-dated record of early Eocene climate on Antarctica from an ocean sediment core recovered off the Wilkes Land coast of East Antarctica. The information from biotic climate proxies (pollen and spores) and independent organic geochemical climate proxies (indices based on branched tetraether lipids) yields quantitative, seasonal temperature reconstructions for the early Eocene greenhouse world on Antarctica. We show that the climate in lowland settings along the Wilkes Land coast (at a palaeolatitude of about 70° south) supported the growth of highly diverse, near-tropical forests characterized by mesothermal to megathermal floral elements including palms and Bombacoideae. Notably, winters were extremely mild (warmer than 10?°C) and essentially frost-free despite polar darkness, which provides a critical new constraint for the validation of climate models and for understanding the response of high-latitude terrestrial ecosystems to increased carbon dioxide forcing.     

Abrupt changes in the Asian southwest monsoon during the Holocene and their links to the North Atlantic Ocean

During the last ice age, the Indian Ocean southwest monsoon exhibited abrupt changes that were closely correlated with millennial-scale climate events in the North Atlantic region, suggesting a mechanistic link. In the Holocene epoch, which had a more stable climate, the amplitude of abrupt changes in North Atlantic climate was much smaller, and it has been unclear whether these changes are related to monsoon variability. Here we present a continuous record of centennial-scale monsoon variability throughout the Holocene from rapidly accumulating and minimally bioturbated sediments in the anoxic Arabian Sea. Our monsoon proxy record reveals several intervals of weak summer monsoon that coincide with cold periods documented in the North Atlantic region--including the most recent climate changes from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age and then to the present. We therefore suggest that the link between North Atlantic climate and the Asian monsoon is a persistent aspect of global climate.     

Interconnections between the Asian monsoon, ENSO, and high northern latitude climate during the Holocene

The International Geosphere Biosphere Program (IGBP), which promotes better understanding of the living environment, was initiated in the early 1990s. IGBP and other programs have uncovered much evi-dence that the Earth system is complex and nonlinear, ex…     

2022年气候变化与治理热点回眸

回顾了2022年全球气候变化与治理领域取得的系列令人瞩目的成果。介绍了2022年全球温度持续升高、温室气体浓度创新高、海冰范围缩小及海平面上升等气候变化科学共识；“三重”拉尼娜重现、南亚高温洪水、欧洲及中国高温干旱等极端天气气候事件；全球碳减排承诺、多灾种预警系统、IPCC第六次评估报告（AR6）、第27届联合国气候变化大会（COP27）、生物多样性大会（COP15）等全球气候变化治理与认知方面的最新进展。     

Siliceous microplankton fluxes and seasonal variations in the central South China Sea during 1993–1995: monsoon climate and El Niño responses

Seasonal variations of radiolarian and diatom fluxes in the central South China Sea during 1993–1995 were overwhelmingly controlled by monsoon climate. Radiolarian and diatom increased obviously during the Northeast (from November to February) and Southwest (from June to September) monsoons and decreased during the periods between the monsoons. The change of circulation driven by the monsoons improved water exchange in the different areas that brought rich nutrient materials for the surface microplankton, thereby enhancing radiolarian and diatom fluxes. Variation of radiolarian flux coincided with organic carbon flux, surface primary and export productivities. High radiolarian flux corresponded to high surface primary productivity. Radiolarian and diatom fluxes raised abnormally during 1994–1995 could be attributed to the El Nino event during the period.     

Siliceous microplankton fluxes and seasonal variations in the central South China Sea during 1993-1995:monsoon climate and El Ni(n)o responses

Seasonal variations of radiolarian and diatom fluxes in the central South China Sea during 1993-1995 were overwhelmingly controlled by monsoon climate. Radiolarian and diatom increased obviously during the Northeast (from November to February) and Southwest (from June to September) monsoons and decreased during the periods between the monsoons. The change of circulation driven by the monsoons improved water exchange in the different areas that brought rich nutrient materials for the surface microplankton, thereby enhancing radiolarian and diatom fluxes. Variation of radiolarian flux coincided with organic carbon flux, surface primary and export productivities. High radiolarian flux corresponded to high surface primary productivity. Radiolarian and diatom fluxes raised abnormally during 1994-1995 could be attributed to the El Ni(n)o event during the period.     

Anti-correlation of summer/winter monsoons?

On the basis of the anti-correlation of their palaeoclimatic proxy for the strength of the East Asian winter monsoon from Lake Huguang Maar, China, with stalagmite records of the strength of the summer monsoon, Yancheva et al. claim that the strengths of the summer and winter monsoons are anti-correlated on a decadal timescale. They argue that the summer rainfall deficit during ad 700-900 that they infer from their evidence of a stronger winter monsoon, in conjunction with a Tanros battle, led to the collapse of the Tang dynasty (ad 618-907). Using historical climate records, we show here that most cold winters during ad 700-900 were associated with relatively wet summers, indicating that the strengths of the winter and summer monsoons were not negatively correlated during this period.     

宇宙线与地球气候变化相关性研究进展

近百年来的地球气候变化已是不争的事实,导致气候变暖的主要原因很可能是大量排放温室气体的结果,但也有研究表明,地球气候变化与宇宙线也存在一定的相关性。文章综述了该领域的研究现状和重要结论,重点介绍了宇宙线影响气候的模型,对CERN的CLOUD实验和羊八井国际宇宙线观测站开展的工作进行了展望。     

Variation of the East Asian Monsoon and the tropospheric biennial oscillation

Study of the tropospheric biennial oscillation (TBO) has attracted significant interest since the 1980s.However,the mechanism that drives this process is still unclear.In the present study,ECMWF daily data were applied to evaluate variation of the East Asian monsoon and its relationship to the TBO.First,the general East Asian monsoon index (EAMI) was delineated on the basis of a selected area using the 850 hPa u and v components.This new index may describe not only the characteristics of summer monsoons,but also the features of winter monsoons,which is crucial to understand the transition process between summer and winter monsoons.The following analysis of EAMI shows that there is a close relationship between summer and winter monsoons.In general,strong East Asian winter monsoons are followed by strong East Asian summer monsoons,and weak winter monsoons lead to weak summer monsoons.While strong (weak) summer monsoons followed by weak (strong) winter monsoons form a kind of 2-year cycle,which may be the possible mechanism leading to the TBO over the East Asian region.