地表水中藻毒素的监测与控制

随着大量含氮和磷的废水流入湖泊和江河,导致淡水污染现象日趋严重.污染的最主要危害是释放多种藻毒素,因此如何有效控制、去除藻毒素是摆在中外环境科学领域的一个难题,目前水体中藻毒素的监测方法主要有生物法、化学法、免疫法等;控制的方法主要有常规净水工艺、生物处理、光降解与光催化氧化以及臭氧氧化等.     

高藻期滦河水处理工艺流程对比试验研究

对天津滦河高藻原水进行常规处理工艺、常规处理-活性炭工艺、常规处理-预氧化和臭氧活性炭工艺处理效能的对比试验,研究结果表明:在常规处理工艺投加适量的混凝剂可有效控制浊度,但其对TOC和藻类的去除率仅为38.7%和89.5%;在常规处理工艺基础上增加后续活性炭过滤后,TOC和藻类的去除率可达65.1%和97.0%;在臭氧预氧化和常规处理基础上增加臭氧活性炭工艺,TOC和藻类的去除率可达83.2%,98.3%;同时臭氧预氧化可提高气浮对藻类和TOC的去除效率,臭氧中间氧化也有利于提高活性炭对TOC的去除.     

饮用水臭氧生物活性炭净化效果与传统工艺比较

高浓度有机物,高NH4+-N的黄浦江原水经预臭氧→高密度澄清池→砂滤→后臭氧→生物活性炭组合处理工艺后,水质明显优于传统处理工艺.其中臭氧生物活性炭部分对CODMn(高锰酸盐指数)和NH4+-N的去除率分别达到30.4%和18.9%.由于预臭氧相对预氯化能更好地发挥其氧化助凝作用,组合工艺中常规工艺部分对CODMn和NH4+-N的去除率分别达29.6%和81.0%,而传统工艺对CODMn和NH4+-N的去除率仅分别为22.3%和61.5%.考察了2种工艺出水藻毒素,溴酸盐浓度、三卤甲烷生成潜能以及相对分子质量分布等指标,表明组合处理工艺更容易去除小分子有机物(臭氧生物活性炭部分对小于1kD的有机物去除率大于70%),三卤甲烷生成潜能比传统工艺降低41%,且藻毒素和溴酸盐指标均低于我国饮用水标准.由于组合处理工艺能基本去除NH4+-N,可以采用自由氯消毒用以解决传统氯胺消毒带来的亚硝胺等消毒副产物风险和氯胺的气味问题.在高温季节组合工艺澄清池中出现藻类大量生长的现象,可能与臭氧持续消毒时间较短有关,可通过联合预臭氧和预氯化工艺对组合处理工艺中预处理方式进行改造.     

紫外-微臭氧工艺降解微囊藻毒素的动力学特性

研究了紫外-微臭氧工艺降解微囊藻毒素(MC)的动力学过程与特性.结果表明:MC-RR,MC-YR和MC-LR三种MC在紫外-微臭氧反应器中的降解过程为一级动力学反应,半降解时间分别为74.5,32.2和24.2 min;降解速率不受初始藻毒素浓度的影响,湖水中天然有机物(NOM)能捕获自由基,抑制MC的降解,葡萄糖对MC的降解没有影响;紫外-微臭氧工艺主要通过HO·等自由基对MC侧链Adda基中不饱和共轭双键的破坏而降解MC,并使藻毒素脱毒.紫外-微臭氧工艺可用于降解饮用水中MC.     

富营养化原水几种净水工艺处理效果的比较研究

对以某湖水为原水的几种净水工艺进行了对比试验研究，结果表明：与水厂现有工艺相比，生物陶粒预处理及预臭氧化＋生物陶粒预处理有较好的净水功效；预臭氧、生物陶粒、混凝沉淀、砂滤、活性炭等单元工艺有机地组合起来，对氨氮、叶绿素a、色度、浊度的去除率都比水厂工艺高，但出水氯化物Ames试验的致突变性增强，生物预处理对水中致突变前体物的去除能力有限，实践中净水工艺的组合应将健康风险与技术经济结合起来选择使用。     

固定化栅藻对市政污水中氮、磷营养盐的深度净化

利用固定化藻类的生物富积作用净化污水中的氮和磷，将栅藻包埋固定在褐藻酸钙凝胶胶球中，对人工污水进行深度净化．研究藻细胞年龄和饥饿处理时间对污水中NH4^＋-N和PO4^3--P的净化效率以及净化过程中藻类叶绿索a含量变化．结果表明：静止初期藻细胞对NH4^＋-N和PO4^3--P去除率比指数末期高，处理5d后，静止初期细胞对NH4^＋-N和PO4^3--P的去除率分别为76．7％及91．7％，指数末期细胞氮、磷的去除率分别为75．4％和88．7%；饥饿处理可明显提高藻细胞对NH4^＋-N和PO4^3--P的去除效率，藻细胞饥饿时间对NH4^＋-N和PO4^3--P去除率的影响大小依次为48h，72h，24h，0h．     

预臭氧化去除水中有机物效果及其生物稳定性

以黄浦江上游水源为原水,采用运行水量各为1 m3·h-1的两套中试设备,通过在饮用水常规处理工艺前预加臭氧氧化和预加氯氧化平行对比试验,测定了CODMn、UV254、TOC三种表示有机物含量的替代参数和生物可同化有机碳AOC,研究了预臭氧化工艺对水中有机物的去除效果,并对预臭氧化水的生物稳定性进行了分析评价,发现:在原水CODMn为5.56~6.50 mg·L-1情况下,预臭氧化工艺对CODMn的去除率比预氯化工艺提高2.5%,对UV254的去除率比预氯化工艺提高6%;两工艺对TOC的去除率均不高;预臭氧化工艺出水生物稳定性差,AOC明显大于预氯化工艺.     

气浮工艺强化除藻中试试验研究

气浮工艺对藻类有一定的去除效果,但去除率不够高.故此,设计了中试的气浮系统,研究在高藻期强化气浮除藻的效能.通过试验,可以得出如下结果:回流比的大小,对气浮处理效果起着十分重要的控制作用,在回流比从5%提高到10%时,藻类的去除率也可以相应的提高10%,考虑到实际的运行成本,回流比定为10%.混凝剂对于气浮除藻有较大的影响,PAC的处理效果优于氯化铁,对藻类的去除率可以提高10%左右.预氧化对于藻类的去除起到良好的强化作用,所起效果从高到低依次是臭氧、高锰酸盐和氯,臭氧和高锰酸盐可以将藻类的去除率从60%左右提高到80%多,去除率可以提高20%.     

臭氧射流曝气工艺深度处理活性染料废水的研究

采用臭氧对活性染料废水生化处理出水进行脱色深度处理,对比考察了臭氧射流曝气工艺和传统微孔曝气臭氧氧化工艺的处理效果。结果表明,臭氧射流曝气工艺对废水COD、色度、氨氮的去除率分别为51%、97%和71%,相对使用传统微孔曝气臭氧氧化工艺,臭氧射流曝气工艺具有停留时间短,能耗低,臭氧利用率高等优势,是一种非常适合染料废水深度处理的工艺。     

沸石载高锰酸钾控藻效果及对湖水水质影响

研究了不同投量下,沸石载高锰酸钾药剂对湖水中藻类及藻毒素的控制效果以及对水质的影响.试验结果表明,ZCM药剂对湖水中藻类生物量和藻毒素均有明显的去除效果,在投量0.17 g/L的情况下,叶绿素的去除率最高,5 d后为89%,藻毒素去除率为42%.投加沸石载高锰酸钾药剂的湖水pH值略高于未投加药剂的空白对照,变化范围在7.3~8之间;投量0.17 g/L的水样浊度去除率为95%;总磷被药剂中的沸石吸附,成为藻类二次生长的限制因素.沸石载高锰酸钾除藻剂具有良好的应用前景.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that