采用焓法方程计算埋地管道含蜡原油停输温降

埋地热含蜡原油管道停输后,当管内原油温度降到析蜡点以下时,原油中的蜡晶将逐渐析出.根据含蜡原油降温过程中蜡结晶放热的特点,使用焓法方程对析蜡点以下伴随有析蜡胶凝现象的原油降温过程进行了数学描述,并详细给出了使用有限元法对焓法方程进行求解的方法.将焓法方程的计算结果与Φ426 mm×6 mm管道实测数据进行了对比.结果表明,土壤的计算温度和实测温度最大偏差在1.4 ℃以内,管内平均温度的计算值与实测值的偏差为0.3 ℃.由此证明了使用焓法方程计算埋地热油管道停输温降具有较高的准确性.     

埋地热含蜡原油管道的非稳态传热问题

我国生产的原油大多为含蜡原油，加热输送是含蜡原油的主要输送方式。埋地热含蜡原油管道的运行中涉及若干复杂的非稳态传热问题。从管内原油传热（内部传热）和管道与外部环境的传热（外部传热）两方面，分析和总结了含蜡原油管道非稳态传热问题的研究现状，介绍了管道在土壤中传热的影响因素，比较了其各种解析和数值解法，阐述了管道停输状态下管内含蜡原油相变传热的规律及研究方法，讨论了非稳定流动状态下管内油流的水力—热力耦合问题及求解方法，指出了埋地热含蜡原油管道的非稳态传热方面需进一步研究的问题。     

塔河凝析油防蜡剂的研制及防蜡效果评价

高含蜡原油加防蜡剂是改善原油低温流动性能和防止原油在管输过程中结蜡的主要方式之一.塔河油田凝析油析蜡点较高,在冬季地温较低时管道内有大量蜡结晶析出,给管道的安全运行带来隐患.根据塔河凝析油的基本物性,研制了高分子防蜡剂SMAE18,考察了该防蜡剂的最佳加剂条件,并对其在不同条件下的防蜡效果进行了室内实验评价.实验结果表明:该防蜡剂对塔河凝析油具有较好的防蜡效果,但异常降温和短时间的高速剪切作用使其防蜡效果严重降低.加剂塔河凝析油的析蜡点从23℃降为18℃,黏度也下降了30.1%,说明SMAE18防蜡剂也有效地改变了塔河凝析油的低温流动性能.     

用差示扫描量热法确定原油的含蜡量

应用DSC热分析技术得到了原油析蜡过程的热谱图 ,测定出了原油的析蜡点、析蜡高峰点、析蜡热焓等特性参数。给出了根据DSC实验结果计算原油含蜡量和一定温度区间内原油析蜡量的方法。分别对大庆、中原、胜利油田的原油进行了DSC热分析实验 ,根据其DSC热谱图计算了 3种原油的含蜡量以及不同温度区间内的原油析蜡量。其计算结果与采用RIPP 90方法 (氧化铝吸附法 )的测量结果对比表明 ,二者吻合较好 ,从而验证了DSC方法的可靠性。计算原油含蜡量方法的关键是选取DSC热谱图基线及确定蜡的平均结晶热。蜡的平均结晶热与原油中蜡的分子结构、碳数值等因素有关。胜利原油蜡的平均结晶热取 2 15J/g ;对未知分子结构的原油 ,建议蜡的平均结晶热取为 2 10J/g。     

饱和含水土壤埋地原油管道冬季停输温降

建立了饱和含水土壤埋地原油管道在低于冰点环境温度下的停输流动和传热模型，该模型不仅考虑土壤水分结冰和管内原油凝固相变过程与初始温度场和流场的影响，而且考虑了水分在土壤多孔介质中和管内原油的自然对流。通过数值模拟，获得了停输期间温度场、流场以及土壤水分结冰界面和管道中原油凝固界面的分布情况。结果表明，停输期间越靠近管壁正上方的土壤，其温度梯度越大；受温度分布的影响，土壤水分和管内原油产生沿y轴对称线自下而上的自然对流；土壤水分结冰界面和管道中原油凝固界面随停输时间向埋深方向推进，管道顶部土壤中的结冰界面推进速度较远离管道土壤中的结冰界面缓慢，管内原油凝固界面也向埋深方向偏移。     

用差示扫描量热法确定原油的含蜡量

应用DSC热分析技术得到了原油析蜡过程的热谱图，测定出了原油的析蜡点、析蜡高峰点、析蜡热焓等特性参数。给出了根据DSC实验结果计算原油含蜡量和一定温度区间内原油析蜡量的方法。分别对大庆、中原、胜利油田的原油进行了DSC热分析实验，根据其DSC热谱图计算了3种原油的含蜡量以及不同温度区间内的原油析蜡量。其计算结果与采用RIPP－90方法（氧化铝吸附法）的测量结果对比表明，二者吻合较好，从而验证了DSC方法的可靠性。计算原油含蜡量方法的关键是选取DSC热谱图基线及确定蜡的平均结晶热。蜡的平均结晶热与原油中蜡的分子结构、碳数值等因素有关。胜利原油蜡的平均结晶热取215J/g；对未知分子结构的原油，建议蜡的平均结晶热取为210J/g。     

含蜡原油低温粘弹性研究的现状与分析

我国盛产含蜡原油,在低温(凝点温度附近)条件下,含蜡原油具有一定的粘弹性。概述了国内外含蜡原油低温粘弹性研究的主要进展。含蜡原油粘弹性起因于其内部形成的蜡晶结构。振荡剪切实验方法最适合于含蜡原油的粘弹性测量。粘弹性与胶凝温度、胶凝强度、屈服应力和触变性等参数有关。含蜡原油经历的热历史、剪切历史以及析蜡特性是影响粘弹性的主要因素。分析了在含蜡原油低温粘弹性认识上和研究中存在的问题。建议进一步研究含蜡原油粘弹性与屈服应力、触变性的关系,在机理研究方面加大力度;通过研究粘弹性与热历史、剪切历史的关系,建立管道运行和停输期间含蜡原油胶凝特性的预测模型,以更加有效地指导管道的安全运行。     

含蜡原油低温粘弹性研究的现状与分析

我国盛产含蜡原油，在低温(凝点温度附近)条件下，含蜡原油具有一定的粘弹性。概述了国内外含蜡原油低温粘弹性研究的主要进展。含蜡原油粘弹性起因于其内部形成的蜡晶结构。振荡剪切实验方法最适合于含蜡原油的粘弹性测量。粘弹性与胶凝温度、胶凝强度、屈服应力和触变性等参数有关。含蜡原油经历的热历史、剪切历史以及析蜡特性是影响粘弹性的主要因素。分析了在含蜡原油低温粘弹性认识上和研究中存在的问题。建议进一步研究含蜡原油粘弹性与屈服应力、触变性的关系，在机理研究方面加大力度；通过研究粘弹性与热历史、剪切历史的关系。建立管道运行和停输期间含蜡原油胶凝特性的预测模型，以更加有效地指导管道的安全运行。     

富气原油在湍流条件下的蜡沉积

采用自动化蜡沉积循环管道流动系统研究含蜡富气原油在现场的温度变化范围内和流动条件下的蜡沉积过程 .将油田现场取得的脱气原油在高压下加气加水配成富气油样 ,分别采用冷却测试和等温测试两种实验过程 ,测试在湍流条件下的蜡沉积规律 .冷却测试过程精确地测试含蜡原油从高于原油析蜡点温度到较低环境温度范围内在现场流速、油温和环境温度下的蜡沉积过程 ,同时结合等温测试过程研究蜡沉积的机理 .实验结果表明 :含蜡原油蜡沉积与环境温度、油温、油温与环境温度的温差有关 ;在湍流条件下 ,剪切效应不容忽视     

含蜡原油的热容—温度关系

用自行设计的量热计测定了大庆、胜利、任邱、濮阳诸油田的管道外输原油在0℃到70℃温度范围内的热容。四种原油的热容—温度曲线均可按三个温度区间回归成经验公式,可用于计算油温低于析蜡温度的热容值。根据热容—温度曲线、粘温曲线及管道停输温降曲线的对照,分析了原油的析蜡过程。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that