Trehalose in the flight muscle of the house fly,Musca domestica L., in relation to age

Zusammenfassung Trehalose der Flügelmuskeln männlicher Hausfliegen,Musca domestica (1 h bis 16 Tage alt), wurde mit Filtrierpapierchromatographie getrennt und quantitativ kolorimetrisch bestimmt. Die Konzentration der Trehalose in den Flügelmuskeln erreicht ihr Maximum (26,50 µg/Thorax) 4 h nach dem Schlüpfen der Imago. Nach 24 h (Imago) auf des Maximums (8,59 µg/Thorax) vermindert, stabilisiert sich der Trehalosegehalt bis zum Lebensende.

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Supported in part by funds from USPHS Grant No. HD 00571 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.     

Chemistry of male dominance in the house mouse, Mus domesticus

Two terpenic constituents, E,E,-alpha-farnesene and E-beta-farnesene, were found to be elevated in dominant male urine when compared to subordinate or control males. These two urinary compounds were absent in the bladder urine of males; however, they were the most prominent constituents of the perputial gland's aliquots. The results of a two-choice preference test, conducted on ICR/Alb subordinate males, gave a strong indication that these two terpenic constituents introduced into the previously attractive stimulus significantly discouraged prolonged investigations by male mice. The compounds, whether present in the urine matrix or water, rendered the stimulus with a quality behaviorally similar to the urine of dominant males. It appears that they may be synonymous with the previously described aversion signal produced by dominant males. We suggest that these compounds may play a wide-ranging role in the territorial marking behavior of male mice.     

Chemistry of male dominance in the house mouse,Mus domesticus

Summary Two terpenic constituents, E,E,--farnesene and E--farnesene, were found to be elevated in dominant male urine when compared to subordinate or control males. These two urinary compounds were absent in the bladder urine of males; however, they were the most prominent constituents of the preputial gland's aliquots. The results of a two-choice preference test, conducted on ICR/Alb subordinate males, gave a strong indication that these two terpenic constituents introduced into the previously attractive stimulus significantly discouraged prolonged investigations by male mice. The compounds, whether present in the urine matrix or water, rendered the stimulus with a quality behaviorally similar to the urine of dominant males. It appears that they may be synonymous with the previously described aversion signal produced by dominant males. We suggest that these compounds may play a wide-ranging role in the territorial marking behavior of male mice.     

Influence of the pineal gland on the reproductive system of the male house mouse

Summary Procedures designed to express pineal-mediated antigonadotropic activity were performed upon male house mice. Neither blinding nor blinding plus olfactory bulbectomy of house mice resulted in testicular involution within 12 weeks. The pineal gland appears to be of little significance to reproduction in the house mouse.Supported by NICHHD grant No. HDO 7119-092.Supported by NICHHD grant No. 5P5 OHDO 8338.Supported by NSF grant No. SPI 7922 372.     

Ring-canals and intercellular communication within the egg-chamber of a tsetse fly species

Zusammenfassung In der Ovariole der Tsetsefliege werden 15 Trophozyten und eine Oozyte festgestellt, die in wohlgeordneter Weise durch 15 Ringbildungen miteinander verbunden sind. Eine Anordnung, welche die Rekonstruktion der vorausgegangenen Mitosen dieser 16 Zellen möglich macht.

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This work was supported by a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation. I wish to thank Mrs. D.McLachlan and Mr.P. Lisamulla for technical assistance and the East African Trypanosomiasis Research Organization, Tororo, for the provision of tsetse flies.     

Bombesin-like immunoreactivity in the pancreas of man and other mammalian species

Summary Bombesin-like immunoreactivity has been measured in pancreatic tissues of man (12.4±1.2 pmol/g), pig (15.8±3.2), calf (4.3±0.9), rat (8.5±1.2) and guinea-pig (2.8±0.6) by a specific radioimmunoassay. Gel filtration of the pancreatic extracts revealed 2 major immunoreactive peaks: the earlier peak was eluted in the position of porcine gastrin-releasing peptide, and the later peak was eluted just after the amphibian bombesin standard. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated the presence of bombesin-like immunoreactivity in nerves in the rat pancreas, particularly in the exocrine pancreas, and occasionally in the peri-insular spaces. Isolated rat pancreatic islets were found to contain small quantities of bombesin-like immunoreactivity (0.037±0.003 fmol/islet) suggesting that mammalian bombesin-like peptides may be invovled in the regulation of endocrine as well as exocrine pancreatic secretion.Acknowledgments. We are grateful to Dr. A. V. Edwards, Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge, U. K. for providing the calf tissues, and the British Diabetic Association, U. K. for support.To whom reprint requests should be addressed.     

Corticoadrenal and behavioral response to open field in pairs of male rats either familiar or non-familiar to each other

The effect of the presence either of a familiar or non-familiar conspecific animal on serum corticosterone and some behavioral responses in the open field was studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals tested in presence of a familiar animal showed a higher corticosterone response and a higher defecation rate. It suggests that rats experienced more emotional reactivity in presence of a familiar animal than in presence of a non-familiar one. Time spent in social interaction was higher in non-familiar pairs; however, ambulation and rearing were lower, suggesting competition between social investigation and novel environment exploration.     

Flavonoids from pollens and stigmas of male and female flowers of four species of the genusCucurbita

Summary Differences have been found between the flavonoid patterns of pollens and corresponding stigmas ofCucurbita pepo, C. maxima, C. moschata andC. ficifolia. The major flavonoids ahve been identified as isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside isolated from stigmas ofC. pepo is absent in this material.Acknowledgments. The author thanks Dr Chr. Karl (Weleda, Schwäbisch Gmünd) for a sample of isorhamnetin and Mr A. D'Urso (Botanic Institute, University of Catania) for help in acquiring the plant material.     

Comparative studies of male genital structures of hybrids and their parental species

Zusammenfassung Körperfarbe und Strukturen des Genitalapparates sowie der Geschlechtskämme des 1. Beinpaares männlicher Hybriden aus reziproken Kreuzungen vonDrosophila bipectinata x D. malerkotliana werden beschrieben. Die Hybriden zeigen intermediäre Merkmale, wobei vergleichend die Körperfarbe mehrD. malerkotliana, die Geschlechtskämme mehrD. bipectinata ähnlich sind.

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Acknowledgments. The author is thankful to the U.G.C. for extending financial assistance and to Prof.J. P. Thapliyal, Head of the Department for facilities.     

Iclusion proteins and viral proteins of the baculovirus of the dipteran Tipula paludosa (Meigen)]

Examination of the polyhedron protein by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows only one polypeptide with a molecular weight of 25,500 +/- 500 daltons, while that of virion proteins reveals 13 polypeptides. No antigenic community could be demonstrated between the polyhedron protein of the Baculovirus of T. paludosa and the polyhedron protein of several other Baculoviruses.     

Isolation and partial characterization of cuticular collagen from the parasitic nematodeGaigeria pachyscelis

Summary The cuticle from adultGaigeria pachyscelis was isolated by solubilizing the internal tissues with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) at 37°C. Cuticular protein was extracted with guanidine-HCl and -mercaptoethanol and purified by ammonium sulphate fractionation and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified protein revealed 2 polypeptides with apparent mol. wts of 58,000 and 74,000. As judged from their hydroxyproline content both of them are collagenous in nature. Results of gel filtration indicate that cuticular collagen exists in two forms, a non-associated form at low concentration and an associated form at high concentration.Acknowledgments. We thank Drs L.N. Singh and H.C. Tewari for providing the necessary facilities. Laboratory assistance of Mr Ram Kishore is highly appreciated.     

The male pheromone of the old house borerHylotrupes bajulus (L.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae): Identification and female response

We report here the identification of the long-range, male-produced sex pheromone of the Old house borerHylotrupes bajulus. Chemical analysis of hexane extracts obtained by surface extraction from dissected prothoracic glands and from headspace samples of the two sexes, revealed male-specific compounds: (3R)-3-hydroxy-2-hexanone, 2-hydroxy-3-hexanone, the diastereomeric diols (2R, 3R)-2,3-hexanediol and (2S, 3R)-2,3-hexanediol, 2,3-hexanedione, as well as 1-butanol.In wind tunnel bioassays we tested the influence of these male-specific compounds from the prothoracal glands on the behaviour of unmated and mated females. Specific behavioural sequences of the tested females (activity, running behaviour, searching, cleaning, flying, extension of ovipositor) were recorded. Unmated females were attracted by male beetles, headspace extracts of males, synthetic blends of the major pheromone compounds as well as by the components (3R)-3-hydroxy-2-hexanone, and the diastereomeric diols. Hexane, female beetles and 2,3-hexanedione did not attract unmated females. The reactions of mated females to male beetles and headspace samples did not differ significantly from those of the controls.The results of the bioassays show that the two-stage premating behaviour is initiated by emission of a long-range sex pheromone from the male prothoracal glands, which functions as an activator, attractant, and possibly aphrodisiac for unmated females.     

Eccentricities of hydrocarbons on my way from the Diyls to the Ylids

Zusammenfassung In dem vorliegenden Artikel werden Kohlenwasserstoffe behandelt, die — im Laufe einer etwa 45 jährigen Forschung des Autors synthetisiert — entweder in ihrer Bildungsweise oder in ihrer Struktur oder schliesslich in ihren Eigenschaften ein wenig skurril sind.In Modellverbindungen wurde der Einfluss der Spannung auf die Tendenz der Ringöffnung zu Diradikalen (kurz Diyle genannt) untersucht und weiterhin am Tschitschibabinschen Kohlenwasserstoff und Analogen die Alternative studiert, ob es sich um eine Valenztautomerie oder Mesomerie zwischen chinoiden Derivaten und Diradikalen handelt.Während die anstehenden Probleme hier noch nicht restlos geklärt sind, zeigen die , -Tetraphenylpolyene auch mit längerer Polyenkette, ferner das -Carotin keinen Diylcharakter. Auch Tetraphenyl-dihydrophenanthren9 und das aromatische Propellan12 sind inert gegenüber Sauerstoff.In diesem Zusammenhang wurde über die Präparierung von Cyclopolyenen wie19 und22 berichtet. Besonderes Interesse bietet das auf der Ammoniumylid-Basis bereitete Tetraphenylcyclododecahexaen27, das beim Erhitzen über das Cyclobutanderivat28 zum Phenanthren zerfällt. Von den ebenfalls zu den Cyclopolyenen gehörenden beiden stereoisomereno-Hexaphenylenen30A und30B konnte den Erwartungen gemäss30B in optische Antipoden zerlegt werden. Tetrabenzonaphthalin31, in dessen Molekül die mittlere C=C-Bindung besonders reaktiv ist, bildete mit Phenanthrenchinon beim Bestrahlen das Propellan32, das beim Erhitzen wieder in die Ausgangskomponenten zerfiel.Abschliessend wird über die Bildungsweise von Dehydrobenzol und seine Struktur berichtet und das dienophile Verhalten des nur kurzlebien Kohlenwasserstoffs aufgezeigt. Zum Unterschied von Dehydrobenzol enthalten die niedergliedrigen Cycloalkine eine echte Acetylenbindung. Sie sind ebenfalls kurzlebig; das cyclohexin tetramerisiert sich über sein nicht-isolierbares Cyclobutadien-Derivat.     

Loss of the ability to oxidize hydrocarbons in protoplasts ofCandida lipolytica

Zusammenfassung Aus den Zellen der HefeCandida lipolytica wurden Protoplasten gewonnen, die die Oxydationsfähigkeit gegenüber Hexadekan verloren haben, während diejenige gegenüber Glukose erhalten geblieben ist. Der Verlust der Fähigkeit, den Kohlenwasserstoff zu oxydieren, wird entweder durch eine Veränderung der Oberfläche der zytoplasmatischen Membran und Destruktion des an sie gebundenen Oxydationsenzyms erklärt oder dadurch, dass die Protoplasten die Fähigkeit verloren haben, Kohlenwasserstoffe in die Zelle zu transportieren.