四棱豆属7个栽培种ITS序列亲缘关系分析

对四棱豆属栽培品种nrDNA ITS序列进行克隆测序,并进行序列比较与品种间亲缘关系分析.结果表明:(1)供试品种间ITS序列的变异小,GC含量低,为51.4%～51.6%.(2)供试四棱豆品种间遗传变异范围在0.0000～0.0009,表明四棱属内nrDNA ITS区存在一定的遗传变异,但变异较低,表明供试材料间亲缘...     

Origin of the eukaryotic nucleus determined by rate-invariant analysis of rRNA sequences

The origin of the eukaryotic nucleus is difficult to reconstruct. Eukaryotic organelles (chloroplast, mitochondrion) are eubacterial endosymbionts, but the source of nuclear genes has been obscured by multiple nucleotide substitutions. Using evolutionary parsimony, a newly developed rate-invariant treeing algorithm, the eukaryotic ribosomal rRNA genes are shown to have evolved from the eocytes, a group of extremely thermophilic, sulphur-metabolizing, anucleate cells. The deepest bifurcation yet found separates the reconstructed tree into two taxonomic divisions. These are a proto-eukaryotic group (karyotes) and an essentially bacterial one (parkaryotes). Within the precision of the rooting procedure, the tree is not consistent with either the prokaryotic-eukaryotic or the archaebacterial-eubacterial-eukaryotic groupings. It implies that the last common ancestor of extant life, and the early ancestors of eukaryotes, probably lacked nuclei, metabolized sulphur and lived at near-boiling temperatures.     

基于mt16S rDNA的长蝽总科(异翅亚目:蝽次目)系统发育的研究

利用16S rDNA分子约540 bp的序列对长蝽总科9个科29个种进行系统发育分析.运用MP法、ML法和NJ法分析,结果表明:原来属于广义长蝽科的Pachygronthidae、Rhyparochromidae、Cymidae、Geocoridae、Blis-sidae、Oxycarenidae和狭义Lygaeidae并不形成一个单系的广义长蝽科;梭长蝽科Pachygronthidae的两个族Pachygronthini和Teracriini分成两支而形成多系;莎长蝽科Cymidae与梭长蝽科Pachygronthidae的Pachygronthi-ni族总是聚成一支形成姐妹群.研究说明广义长蝽科是多系,这与最近的形态学研究一致,从分子水平上支持Henry(1997)把广义长蝽科中的部分亚科提升为科的修订.与现有的形态分类系统有所不同的是,地长蝽科和狭义长蝽科都是多系群.     

基于叶绿体rbcL等3个基因的木灵藓科植物属的系统发育

以木灵藓科21属33种植物为内类群,以缩叶藓科（Ptycomitriaceae）、虎尾藓科（Hedwigiaceae）、树生藓科（Erpodiaceae）、蕨藓科（Pterobryaceae）、平藓科（Neckeriaceae）、蔓藓科（Meteoriaceae）、刺果藓科（Symphyodontaceae）、油藓科（Hookeriaceae）、灰藓科（Hypnaceae）和金发藓科（Poltrichaceae）为外类群,以NADH脱氢酶亚基〖STBX〗5〖STB3〗基因、叶绿体rbcL基因和tRNA-Leu基因为分析指标,从Genbank获得它们的碱基序列,通过Clustalx对碱基比对,使用Winclada 软件对木灵藓科植物进行了分支系统学分析.结果显示: (1) 木灵藓科是一个明确的单系类群;(2) 支持将木灵藓科分为两个亚科: 木灵藓亚科（Orthotrichoideae）和蓑藓亚科（Macromitrioideae）;(3) 马他属（Bryomaltaea）归为蓑藓亚科为宜.     

西藏虫草属真菌生物学特性研究及其无性型rRNA基因ITS间隔区系统发育分析

研究从新鲜冬虫夏草分离得到的菌株的形态学特征,并验证其对蝙蝠蛾幼虫的侵染能力。对菌株分化的两个亚型菌株进行了生物学特性研究,并对rRNA基因ITS片段进行了系统发育分析。结果表明：①菌株在18±4℃条件下培养两周后,产生乳白色突起,里面有淡黄色孢子,这种情况下的菌体在侵染蝙蝠蛾幼虫后,20天后长出了子实体;②菌株进一步分化成无性型的两个亚型菌株CC-1和CC-3,这两株菌在表观上差异不明显,但是其分生孢子形态上有显著差异。菌株CC-1的分生孢子为线型孢子,而CC-3的分生孢子却为镰刀型孢子,两菌株均存在有性生殖和无性生殖两种生殖方式;③对无性型两菌株CC-1和CC-3的rRNA基因ITS片段的系统发育分析表明,两株菌均与冬虫夏草非常相似。     

Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of the family Araucariaceae based on the DNA sequences of eight genes

Araucariaceae is one of the most primitive families of the living conifers, and its phylogenetic relationships and divergence times are critically important issues. The DNA sequences of 8 genes, i.e., nuclear ribosomal 18S and 26S rRNA, chloroplast 16S rRNA, rbcL, matK and rps4, and mitochondrial coxl and atpl, obtained from this study and GenBank were used for constructing the molecular phylogenetic trees of Araucariaceae, indicating that the phyiogenetic relationships among the three genera of this family should be （（Wollemia, Agathis）, Araucaria）. On the basis of the fossil calibrations of Wollemia and the two tribes Araucaria and Eutacta of the genus Araucaria, the divergence time of Araucariaceae was estimated to be （308± 53） million years ago, that is, the origin of the family was in the Late Carboniferous rather than Triassic as a traditional view. With the same gene combination, the diver- gence times of the genera Araucaria and Agathis were （246 ± 47） and （61 ±15） Ma, respectively. Statis- tical analyses on the phylogenetic trees generated by using different genes and comparisons of the divergence times estimated by using those genes suggested that the chloroplast matK and rps4 genes are most suitable for investigating the phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of the family Araucariaceae.     

基于进化树的产品模块化粒度分析

针对产品模块化设计中的粒度问题,提出一种基于进化树的分析方法。通过综合考虑零部件之间的功能关系度、结构关系度和物理关系度,建立产品的原始矩阵,应用模糊聚类分析方法对其进行划分,得到传递闭包矩阵;根据不同分区阈值序列形成模块,得到一个聚类进化树,再以进化树的最长分支为基础,划分出不同的粒度等级,通过比较模块化指数MI找到其最佳粒度级别。以咖啡机产品的模块化粒度分析为例,验证了该方法的有效性。     

Phylogenetic studies of Chinese labeonine fishes (Teleostei:Cyprinidae) based on the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene

The mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene is sequenced from 24 ingroups taxa, including 18 species from Labeoninae grouped in 13 genera. Phylogenetic analyses are subjected to neighbor joining, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that Labeoninae is basically a monophyletic assemblage and can be divided into 2 major clades: one comprising the genera Cirrhinus, Crossocheilus and Garra; and the other consisting of the genera Labeo, Sinilabeo, Osteochilus, Pseudoorossocheilus, Parasinilabeo, Ptychidio, Semilabeo, Pseudogyricheilus, Rectori and Discogobio. According to our present analysis,the features such as the presence of the adhesive disc on the chin and the pharyngeal teeth in 2 rows used in the traditional taxonomy of Labeoninae provide scarce information for phylogeny of labeonine fishes.     

Phylogeny and divergence time estimation of cheilostome bryozoans based on mitochodrial 16S rRNA sequences

The mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences of 40 species of cheilostome bryozoans including those of 24 species newly determined were used to reconstruct the phylogenetic tree using neighboring-joining and maximum-parsimony methods. By applying molecular clock technique on the basis of the appropriate phylogeny and the fossil record, the divergence times of the two main cheilostome groups, Anasca and Ascophora sensu stricto, were estimated. The results show that the molecular phylogeny of the higher taxonomic groups (superfamilies and higher taxa) of cheilostome bryozoans is mostly in conflict with the morphology-based phylogenetic trees; the divergence of the extant groups of Anasca and those of Ascophora sensu stricto is estimated to have happened about 263 Ma (Permian Guadalupian Epoch) and 183 Ma (Early Jurassic), respectively.     

基于trnL-F基因序列的铁兰属植物亲缘关系分析

以莺哥凤梨(Vriesea carinata)为外类群,利用Clustal X1.81和MEGA3.1软件对31种铁兰属植物的基因序列进行比对和分析,并构建分子系统树。结果表明:31种铁兰属植物供试材料的trnL-F序列长度在806～835 bp之间,变异位点22个,信息位点14个,平均遗传距离0.007,且在301～322 bp和826～830 bp处分别出现了插入和polyT序列。利用ML法建立的系统树显示,31个铁兰属植物分为3组。序列分析结果与形态学结果基本一致,表明trnL-F序列可用于铁兰属植物的亲缘关系分析,并可作为某些特定种的鉴定依据。     

The phylogenetic relationship of the family Lutjanidae based on analyses of AFLP and mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequences

Fishes of the family Lutjanidae are commercially important in South China Sea. However, the phylogeny of Lutjanids is still unclear and there are many controversies over it. Herein, studies about the phylogeny of Lutjanids were performed based on Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism （AFLP） analysis of genome DNA and sequence analysis of mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene, and 10 Lutjanidae species and 1 Lethrinidae species were employed. The topologies of minimum evolution （ME） trees based on the two analyses respectively were congruent except for positions of genera Pristipomoides and Caesio. The optimal substitution model TrN ＋ G for DNA sequences of 12S rRNA genes in Lutjanids was obtained using MODELTEST 3.6 software and maximum likelihood （ML） analysis supports the topology displayed by the ME tree. The test of log-likelihood suggests that the use of molecular clock calibrations to estimate species divergence time appeared valid. Phylogenetic analyses using AFLP data and DNA sequences of mitochondrial 12S rRNA genes indicated the monophyly of Lutjanus genra. However, further studies are required to reveal the phylogenetic relationship among other genera. In addition, the results demonstrated that AFLP genetic marker was suitable for the phylogenetic analysis of Lutjanids.     

基于粗糙集理论的故障树重要度分析

在工程风险评价的失效可能性计算中,故障树重要度分析是一项重要技术,它经常遇到许多不确定、不完整的因素.采用粗糙集理论对这些不确定、不完整数据进行处理与分析,并通过埋地燃气管道的外腐蚀故障树重要度分析的实例,阐述了粗糙集理论的概念、原理、方法和应用.结果表明,粗糙集理论是一种完全基于客观的综合重要度分析方法,在工程上具有实用意义.     

恶意代码的符号执行树分析方法

在恶意代码分析中,动态监测虚拟环境中的恶意代码行为是一种常用的方法。但是,由于可执行的路径分支众多,极易产生路径爆炸问题,造成某些可执行路径无法被覆盖,严重影响分析的全面性。为了解决恶意代码分析中路径爆炸问题,提出了一种基于符号执行树的恶意代码分析方法。通过构造符号执行树,引入汇聚节点,对恶意代码的执行路径进行约束求解,减少分析路径,从而缓解路径爆炸的影响,提高分析的全面性。恶意代码样本分析的实验表明,该方法能够有效地提升分析效率,同时拥有较小的时间复杂度。     

基于16S rRNA序列的鳃金龟亚科5族种类的系统发育关系

测定了鳃金龟亚科部分种类的线粒体16SrRNA部分序列,运用MEGA 4.0、PAUP*4.0b10和MrBayes等软件,对5个族29个代表种的序列变异和系统关系进行了研究.序列变异分析结果显示:绢金龟族Sericini、哦鳃金龟族Hopliini、鳃金龟族Melolonthini的族内遗传距离分别为7.7%,11.3%,10.6%,族间遗传距离在12.6%～19.2%.最大似然树(ML)和贝叶斯树(BI)结果表明,所有种类分别聚集在所属的族下,哦鳃金龟族、绢金龟族分别为单系.齿爪鳃金龟属Holotrichia、云鳃金龟属Polyphylla、胸突鳃金龟属Hoplosternus、Hilyotrogus、双绺鳃金龟属Amphimallon、Hoplochelus、婆鳃金龟属Brahmina和皱鳃金龟属Trematodes聚在鳃金龟族分支下,没有形成明显的根鳃金龟族Rhizotrogini分支.齿爪鳃金龟属的非单系性与前人研究结果一致.皱鳃金龟属Trematodes和婆鳃金龟属Brahmina的代表种为姐妹种.绢金龟族的绢金龟属Serica和玛绢金龟属Maladera多数种类聚在本属分支下.证明16SrRNA序列可探讨鳃金龟亚科高级阶元的系统发育关系.     

基于模糊集理论事件树分析方法在风险分析中应用

应用事件树分析方法进行风险分析时,通常将事件的发生概率当做确定值,但是在许多工程实际中,根据历史资料确定事件发生概率是非常困难的,经常需要利用专家的知识对事件的失败概率给出模糊的评断。因此提出基于模糊集理论的事件树分析方法,将模糊性语言转换为三角模糊数或梯形模糊数,应用模糊数λ截集以及模糊数积分排序方法,对后果事件的风险进行综合评判,船舶建造过程中风险分析实例验证了该方法切实可行。     

基于故障树加权的柴油机供给系统的可靠性分析

要计算故障树顶事件的概率,必须知道各个底事件的分布类型和参数估计值,由于机械元件的失效数据在过去和将来都是难以获得的,尤其在中小企业的条件下更是如此,从而使设计人员陷入困境.采用故障树加权方法,即使只知道故障树中一、二个事件的失效概率也能预测整个系统的可靠性,并通过柴油机供给系统的可靠性分析得到验证.     

基于事故树分析法的矸石山安全评价

针对煤矸石在长期堆放过程中不但会对环境造成影响,而且会直接或间接的对人身安全造成伤害,存在安全隐患的问题,应用AHP软件对矿区矸石山的危险源进行确定,采用事故树分析法对危险源进行分析,通过研究表明:应用AHP和事故树分析法能够找出矸石山存在的潜在危险,并提出预防及治理措施。将预防措施应用到实际生产中,能够提高煤矸石排放的管理能力,并能减少矸石山危险事故的发生。     

基于PWM扫描算法的启动子区域统计分析

为了寻找启动子区域上转录因子结合位点的分布规律,进而研究这种规律与真核基因表达调控机制之间的关系,该文从已有数据出发,运用位置权重矩阵(PWM)扫描算法对启动子区域上4种与肝脏特异表达相关的转录因子结合位点分布情况进行了初步研究,并提出了一种新的序列评分方法。通过该方法提取的统计特征,肝脏特异基因的鉴别准确率可以达93.33%。实验结果表明:肝脏特异基因的启动子区域上结合位点的分布情况与其他基因相比存在显著差异。新的序列评分方法可以更好地反映这种差异性,实现肝脏特异基因的精确鉴别。     

Phylogenetic investigation on five genera of tintinnid ciliates （Ciliophora, Choreotrichia）, based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences

The phylogenetic relationship among tintinnid ciliates are relatively poorly studied based on molecular data. In the present work, seven species belonging to five genera of the order Tintinnida (Amphorellopsis acuta, Codonellopsis nipponica, Favella taraikaensis, Stenosemella nivalis, Tintinnopsis beroidea, Tintinnopsis cylindrica and Tintinnopsis lohmanni) were analyzed using the information on their small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using Bayesian inference (BI), maximum parsimony (MP), neighbor-joining (NJ), and least-squares (LS) methods. Generally, similar topologies were revealed with high or moderate supports, in which the main results show that (1) all tintinnids analyzed belong to a single assemblage; (2) congeners in Tintinnopsis do not cluster together, which indicates that the lorica-based definition for this genus is not consistent with the SSU rRNA phylogeny; (3) A. acuta groups with Tintinnidium mucicola but not with Eutintinnus, indicating that the traditional family Tintinnidae might be a paraphyletic group; (4) Stenosemella and Codonellopsis are clearly most related and possibly even merged into one genus regarding their similar morphology and molecular analyses, and possession of a hyaline collar is the only characteristic of the genus.