基于NDVI的贵州省植被覆盖时空特征分析

利用2001—2018年的500 m分辨率的MOD13A1数据,计算每个像元的NDVI的变化趋势,并采用线性趋势分析法和相关性分析法,分析贵州省植被覆盖面积在18年间的时空变化特征;结合2001—2018年植被的降水利用效率与2010、2017年2期土地覆盖数据,研究不同土地覆盖类型的NDVI的特征. 研究结果表明:(1) 2001—2018年,贵州省的植被覆盖面积总体呈增加趋势,表明生态环境得以明显改善,以毕节、六盘水市最为显著;(2)从植被覆盖面积变化趋势来看,贵州省的植被改善区域大于退化区域,植被退化区主要集中在城镇扩张区;(3)贵州省的整体植被降水利用效率与植被覆盖面积的变化趋势不具有一致性;(4)贵州省的NDVI与同期降雨量、气温均呈现良好的相关性,而植被生长对气温变化不存在明显滞后性、对降雨量变化的滞后期为1个月,即植被生长对气温的敏感性高于降雨量;(5)在植被生长季,不同土地覆盖类型的NDVI具有不同的特征: NDVI(林地)>NDVI(耕地)>NDVI(草地)>NDVI(建设用地)>NDVI(水体).     

MODIS遥感数据的沈阳市植被变化规律

为确定2001-2011年间沈阳地区植被的分布特征和年际变化规律,采用NASA地球观测系统(EOS)提供的MODIS陆地植被指数产品MOD13A3,对沈阳地区进行分析,用归一化植被指数(NDVI)作为植被生长状态指标,以2001年植被指数为基准,用其它年份的植被指数与基准作差值处理,根据NDVI变化数据分级标准进行分级,分析了2001-2011年间沈阳地区植被的分布特征和年际变化规律.结果表明:沈阳地区植被覆盖密度由城区中心向周边逐渐增大;2001-2011年沈阳植被总体呈退化趋势;2002-2004年,沈阳城区边缘的植被有轻微退化外,其他地区植被均呈现中度和轻微改善;2005年以后沈阳市城区边缘的植被退化严重;在2008和2010年间,沈阳市周边地区如东陵区东南、苏家屯东南部、沈北新区西南部和于洪区东南部植被均有轻微和中度改善.     

淮河流域植被NDVI与干旱条件的相关性

淮河流域特殊的地理环境导致干旱灾害频发且持续时间长,严重影响该区域植被生长,而前人大多探讨了该区域气象干旱情况或植被生长状况,对二者之间的关系研究较少,且多采用气象站点降水资料进行干旱分析,不能充分反映降水时空分布的差异性。因此,基于MODIS NDVI遥感影像与TRMM 3B43卫星降水数据,采用降水距平百分率(P_a)作为气象干旱评价指标,分析了2001—2016年淮河流域植被NDVI与降水距平百分率的年际变化特征以及二者的相关性。结果表明:2001—2016年淮河流域植被NDVI总体呈现稳中有升的趋势,植被NDVI有所改善的区域比例为54.86%,NDVI基本不变的比例为43.25%,仅1.89%的NDVI出现退化。流域16年间以轻旱和中旱为主,较少出现重旱和特旱,干旱程度有所降低。植被NDVI和降水距平百分率呈正相关和负相关的区域分别占流域的61.31%和38.69%,正相关最显著的区域为河南省和安徽省的南部,而河南省东北部、安徽省西北部、山东省西部以及江苏省东部边界呈负相关关系。     

基于时序NDVI的江西省植被覆盖时空变化分析

基于NDVI时序遥感影像,分析了江西省1999年～2008年10年间的地表植被覆盖空间分布及其变化特征.研究表明,江西省10年来植被覆盖总体改善,但呈现出明显的空间分异性:西部和北部增长趋势明显,东部和南部部分地区以及部分城区呈退化趋势.结合土地覆盖分类数据分析发现,NDVI变化特征与土地覆盖类型密切相关,人类活动造成的土地利用类型变化是NDVI变化的重要驱动因素.     

黄河十大孔兑流域林草植被覆盖度的遥感估算及其动态研究

利用多源遥感数据,采用基于归一化植被指数的像元二分模型反演出1980、1998、2010、2014年4个时期的植被盖度,在此基础上分析并揭示黄河十大孔兑流域林草植被覆盖度的时空变化规律.结果表明:1)1980—2014年间,十大孔兑流域林草植被覆盖度呈现持续增加趋势,由1980年的9.29%提高至2014年的37.80%.1998年后,全流域林草植被盖度增加速率显著加快,林草植被盖度恢复主要表现为中等覆盖度的面积比例增加.2)近35年来,十大孔兑流域植被变化以稳定和完全恢复类型为主.研究区内完全恢复、恢复和轻微恢复3种植被变化类型占总面积的73.09%,严重退化、退化和轻微退化3种类型占总面积的2.72%.3)1980—2014年间,十大孔兑各个典型地理单元内林草植被盖度均呈增加趋势,除下游地区外均表现为1998年后林草植被盖度增加更为迅速.1980年,十大孔兑流域典型地理单元林草植被盖度由大到小排序为:上游西部、上游东部、下游、中游东部、中游西部.1998—2014年间典型地理单元林草植被盖度由大到小排序变化为:中游东部、上游东部、上游西部、中游西部、下游.1998年后实施的退耕还林(草)等工程是该地区植被覆盖度增加的主要原因.     

围封下内蒙古典型草原区退化草原群落的恢复及其对碳截存的贡献

通过实地样方调查及实验室分析对围封（ER）与持续放牧（GD）下内蒙古典型草原区退化草原群落的植被、土壤特征进行了测定,分析了围封后植被、土壤特征的恢复状况,揭示了退化草地生态系统恢复过程中的固碳潜力及其生物化学过程．结果表明：羊草（Leymus chinensis）草原退化变型——冷蒿（Artemisia frigida）草原经过18a围封,其植被和土壤特征得到明显恢复,地上组分总生物量是持续放牧草地的2．69倍,0—40cm土层中根系总生物量是持续放牧草地的1．55倍,表层（0—10cm）土壤粘、粉粒含量比持续放牧草地分别增加617．1％和394．7％,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷含量分别增加为持续放牧草地的2．84,2．44和2．27倍,土壤容重比持续放牧草地降低了10．60％．在内蒙古典型草原区,长期过牧下的冷蒿草原恢复为以羊草为优势种的原生群落类型将具有较大的固碳潜力,在恢复过程中其地上植物组分、根系和土壤（0—40cm）的固碳潜力可分别达到65．58,241．77和2176．19g·m^-2,其植物——土壤系统总固碳潜力可达到2483．55g·m^-2．     

基于3S技术的玛曲县草地植被覆盖度变化及其驱动力

利用GIS空间统计分析、多元统计分析方法和改进的遥感二分像元估算模型估算了玛曲县高寒草地植被覆盖度。结果显示:玛曲县2000,2002,2004,2006,2008年的平均植被覆盖度依次为66.17%,56.41%,57.34%,77.38%,58.93%。玛曲县高寒草地植被覆盖度总体呈下降趋势,优等植被的退化比较严重。草地植被的演变情况主要由优等植被覆盖向劣等植被覆盖演变,进一步证实了玛曲县草地呈退化趋势。并对导致玛曲县高寒草地植被覆盖度变化的因素进行PCA分析,结果显示人为因素是导致玛曲县植被覆盖度变化的主要因素,进一步说明人类活动对玛曲高寒草地生态环境变化影响巨大。     

氮添加对不同坡度退化高寒草地植被恢复的影响

为了研究氮素添加对不同坡度退化高寒草地植被恢复的影响,对青海省三江源区果洛藏族自治州不同坡度(7°缓坡25°,陡坡25°)的退化高寒草地进行氮添加试验,以探讨外源氮添加技术在不同坡度退化高寒草地植被恢复中的适宜性。结果表明:氮添加能提高植被地上生物量、植被高度、多度、总盖度以及物种分盖度之和,氮添加与坡度间的交互作用能显著改变植被地上生物量和平均高度(P0.05);坡度间植被特征存在显著差异(P0.05),氮添加可促进禾草类物种优势度更低的缓坡地的植被恢复,而对禾草类物种相对重要值更高的陡坡地没有显著影响。在退化高寒草地的恢复中,外源氮添加的促进效应依赖于坡度,更适宜于缓坡退化高寒草地的植被恢复。     

超载放牧对那曲地区高山嵩草草甸植被退化的影响

选择那曲地区中部超载严重的高山嵩草草甸为研究对象,通过对不同超载程度的草地植被调查分析,结果表明:那曲地区中部高山嵩草草地超载严重,定居点附近超载高达3.60倍,超载最轻的草地也达到1.69倍;超载草场的多样性指数、植被盖度、地上现存生物量都显著低于围栏禁牧区;随超载程度的加大,莎草科植物、耐旱的杂类草、牲畜不喜食和不食的植物种有增加的趋势;综合分析超载下植被的不同特征变化并与现有的高寒草甸、草原类退化草地分类指标体系比较,初步认为,那曲地区的高山嵩草草甸都呈现退化加剧的趋势,已达到重度-中度退化程度,极重度超载区达到重度退化程度,重度和中度超载区达到中度退化程度,其比例分别达到9%和91%,远大于1996年的调查数据.     

近15年宝鸡市植被覆盖度变化研究

目的揭示宝鸡市2000-2014年间植被覆盖特征及其动态变化情况。方法以宝鸡市2000年、2005年、2010年和2014年4个时相遥感影像为基础,依据归一化植被指数(NDVI)和像元二分模型法进行估算。结果 (1)从空间分布上看,宝鸡市2000-2014年间整体植被覆盖良好,总体上以中、中高和高植被覆盖度为主。(2)从时间动态变化上看,2000-2005年间宝鸡市植被覆盖变化不大,2005-2010年间出现了明显的改善,而2010-2014年间退化明显。(3)各行政区域植被覆盖度变化趋势具有明显的差异性。结论宝鸡市整体植被覆盖度高,2000-2014年间表现出先增加后减少的变化趋势,部分区域出现了明显的退化现象。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with