福建省洪涝灾害经济损失趋势分析

采用灾损度DLD和环境不稳定度EI两个要素,构建了灾害经济损失指数DELI(灾损度指数)指标对灾害经济损失进行评估,并应用它对福建省洪涝灾害经济损失趋势变化进行了分析.研究表明:利用灾损度指数对灾害经济损失评估的方法是可行的,不受灾害发生的时间和地点限制,可比性强,资料信息源多,计算方便,适用范围广;福建省洪涝灾害灾损度指数呈波动上升趋势,反映出福建洪涝灾情加重、灾害本身损失加大与福建省环境不稳定度加大有关,和实际情况相符.     

感知器算法在台风风暴潮灾情等级评估中的应用

风暴潮灾害每年都给我国沿海地区造成巨大的经济损失.在前人研究的基础上,引入风暴潮灾情等级的模式识别思想,运用感知器方法的理论及其算法,并以广东省湛江地区为例,建立了该地区的台风风暴潮灾情等级判别函数,经还原检验和判别预测获得满意的结果,证明该方法用于台风风暴潮灾情等级判别是可行的.这对于实现风暴潮灾情等级的快速评估,为抢险救灾的人力、财力和物力分配提供依据.     

福建省台风灾害直接经济损失预评估模型

基于2000—2009年对福建省造成灾害损失的22个台风数据,将台风分为气象型灾害和混合型灾害,利用数理统计的方法建立台风灾害直接经济损失预评估模型,在得到致灾因子和损失因子的多项式拟合关系基础上,进行了台风损失的悲观估计和乐观估计,并对台风灾害的影响等级进行了评估.研究结果显示该模型具有较高的拟合率,由误差分布和实际评估结果计算的模型的有效率均达到80%以上,能够较好地预评估台风可能造成的直接经济损失并能有效地分析台风灾害的趋势;灾害等级预报的准确性稍低于灾害经济损失预报的准确性,但总体属于同一水平.模型的建立可为防灾减灾提供科学依据,具有实际意义.     

近20a云南洪涝灾害损失的灰色关联度分析

利用1991～2010年云南省洪涝灾害灾情数据,基于灰色系统理论计算灾情灰色关联度,对洪涝灾害进行定量评估,并分析其变化趋势.结果表明:近20 a间云南洪涝灾害损失1990年代后期为一个高峰期,1998年最重;受灾人口、死亡人口、损坏房屋、农作物受灾面积的变化趋势较为一致,出现峰值后呈下降趋势,而直接经济损失的变化趋势不明显;1998、1999年划为极重灾年,1996、1997、2001年为重灾年.     

1921～2000年上海市地面沉降灾害经济损失评估

首次从动态性、可计量性、综合性、稳健性和可分性等评估原则出发 ,综合运用终值法、影子工程法、重置成本法、工程费用法、灾情比较法、间接损失与直接损失比例法和权重分解法等评估方法 ,对 192 1～ 2 0 0 0年上海市地面沉降灾害所造成的经济损失进行了科学评估 ,其经济损失高达 2 94 3.0 7亿元 ,平均年损失 36 .8亿元 .     

台风风暴潮损失评估方式的优化分析

全球气候变化背景下,海平面上升和温室气体的大量排放加剧了台风风暴潮损失,构建准确的损失评估模型对海洋防灾减灾工作有重大现实意义。选用1995—2020年50组广东省台风风暴潮进行试验,基于气候变化和风险评估理论建立台风风暴潮损失评估指标体系,使用主成分分析筛选输入因子,进行径向基(radical basis function, RBF)神经网络和支持向量回归模型的直接经济损失和海水养殖受灾面积评估,通过比较有无气候变化指标评估模型的结果,验证了气候变化是影响灾害损失的重要因素。采用熵权法组合RBF神经网络和支持向量回归模型进行直接经济损失评估,对比单一模型发现组合模型有更好的预测精度,为防灾减灾事业提供了有效的损失评估方式。     

海南台风灾害实时评估分析——以1816号台风“贝碧嘉”为例

以1816号台风"贝碧嘉"为例,本文选择了依据可拓理论建立的海南台风灾害实时评估系统,对1816号台风"贝碧嘉"给海南造成的灾害进行了灾前、灾中和灾后的实时动态评估,且通过与民政部门的实际灾情统计的对比分析验证了评估结果的准确性.     

基于灰色关联分析的区域热带气旋灾情评估

基于灰色关联分析方法,考虑灾情因子指标之间的影响,将加权灰色关联度作为评价准则建立灾情评估模型.利用1990-2007年(除2004年)17年对华南影响较大的热带气旋灾害资料,选取死亡人数、受灾人数、农田受灾面积、房屋倒塌间数和直接经济损失5个指标对灾情进行评估.计算结果表明:基于灰色关联度确定灾情因子指标权重的方法可行有效;使用该方法所得的评价结果与实际情况基本吻合.     

陕西省自然灾害脆弱性研究

利用2009-2015年陕西省自然灾害灾情数据,结合数理统计分析方法,对该区域自然灾害进行时空特征分析,并对其灾害脆弱性进行研究。结果表明, 受灾人口、农作物受灾面积是研究区域自然灾害脆弱性的直接表现形式,灾害造成的直接经济损失是自然灾害脆弱性的间接表现形式。陕西省自然灾害脆弱性具有明显的时空分布差异性,自然灾害脆弱性较高的地区主要分布在东部,而中部的西安、铜川市是自然灾害脆弱性较低地区。该研究为防灾减灾、预报预警部门提供了决策依据。     

基于熵权-灰色关联度分析的暴雨洪涝灾情评估方法

洪涝灾害造成的危害广泛且复杂,合理的洪涝灾害灾情评估方法是制定有效防灾减灾措施的关键手段。根据《洪涝灾情评估标准》(SL579—2012),结合死亡人口、受灾人口、农作物受灾面积、直接经济损失、倒塌房屋、水利设施经济损失等关键影响因素,建立了洪涝灾害评价指标。综合灰色关联度分析法和熵权法,提出一种针对暴雨洪涝灾情的分级评估方法,并以2014—2018年的全国年度洪灾数据为例进行应用,结合评估结果和实际情况,提出了暴雨洪涝灾害防灾减灾工作的建议。结果表明：全国暴雨洪涝灾情熵权-灰色关联度数值高的区域集中在东南区域和西北区域,防洪防涝工作重点分别在城市防洪和沙漠防洪;2016年全国暴雨灾情熵权-灰色关联度分级属于较大洪涝灾害年。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the