重力式热管黑体辐射源的研制

研制了一种重力式热管黑体辐射源。热管系统中冷凝段居上,把黑体空腔作为热管冷凝段的一部分,冷凝液靠重力经绝热段回流到设置在下部的蒸发段。本黑体的工作温度范围是40～150℃,故选择水/铜型热管。在研究中采用φ0.3mm二等标准铜康铜热电偶测量了黑体空腔内壁面的温度分布。测量结果表明,在双锥腔体内腔体壁面的最大温差在0.4～0.6℃以内。采用Bedford方法并引用作者导出的微元环对同轴全照区和半照区圆盘辐射角系数公式计算了腔体有效发射率分布。计算结果表明,在经常被瞄准的靶面上有效发射率为0.9995以上。     

黑体空腔发射率计算的蒙特卡罗模型

在均匀镜－漫反射假设的基础上，给出了利用蒙特卡罗方法计算黑体空腔有效发射率的数学模型。该模型首先使用光束跟踪方法求得等温空腔有效发射率，然后逆向跟踪各反射光束，考虑了空腔不等温性和环境辐射对空腔有效发射率的修正。利用该模型对中国计量科学研究院的低温黑体实际空腔进行了计算研究，结果表明：镜反射成分的影响取决于空腔形状和壁材表面光学性质；环境辐射总是增加空腔的有效发射率，腔口附近壁温分布对空腔法向有效发射率影响不大。     

计算黑体空腔有效发射率分布的矩形区域近似法

文中提出一种计算黑体空腔有效发射率分布的新方法——矩形区域近似法。本方法同 Bedford’s 梯形区域近似法相比,其突出特点是避开了奇点处理问题,从而使问题得到充分简化,便于推广应用。以Buckley-Sparrow's积分方程为基础,可以计算任何轴对称黑体空腔的有效发射率分布。计算结果与用Bedford法计算结果完全相同,属于一种精确计算方法。     

面源黑体辐射特性校准系统的校准方法

通过非接触测温接收目标物体发射、反射和传导能量可以测量其表面温度。根据黑体的辐射特性，在发射率设定的情况下，可实现利用标准点源黑体对中温面源黑体的校准。本文比较了中温面源黑体的校准方法，并重点分析了中温面源黑体辐射特性的辐射量值实时比对的测量方法。     

微小物体表面温度测量与功率管热阻测试

讨论利用红外显微测温仪测量物体微小表面真实温度的方法。通过分析测量 目标大小，响应波长范围和物体表面发射率对红外探测器响应特性的影响．提出计算非 黑体表面真实温度的表达式，并且得到满意的实验验证。利用该红外系统成功地测量了 微波功率管芯片表面的发射率分布以及在直流热耗散下芯片结区的温度分布，计算了峰 值热阻和平均热阻，为微波功率管的热设计提供了实验依据。     

中间包钢水连续测温的新方法

基于在线黑体空腔理论,提出了一种新型的钢水连续测温方法·针对在线黑体空腔不满足基尔霍夫理想黑体物理模型,具有"非密闭"和"不等温"的辐射特性,建立了在线黑体空腔有效发射率、积分发射率的计算模型,并应用于中间包钢水连续测温系统中·实践表明,该方法具有较高性能价格比,测量误差≤±3℃,测温管寿命可达20～40h,测温成本与现行的快速热电偶实际消耗相当或略低,同时低于铂铑热电偶连续测温,是取代现行钢水间断式测温的较好方法·     

一种精准的红外测温系统的研究

对红外非接触测温问题作了系统地分析与研究,设计了一套简单精确的测试方案,即将光谱信号采集到单片机控制系统,重新分析物体的发射率,计算物体对应黑体的光谱分布,根据维恩位移定理计算物体的精确温度值．经测试该系统能够实现O～60℃的工作环境温度中的0～100℃测温范围,具有信噪比高、分辨率高、测量精度高、测试速度快以及显示界面友好等特点．     

评价黑体辐射源精度的理论与实验研究（Ⅰ）

在维恩定律的基础上建立了评价标准黑体辐射源和在线黑体空腕传感器精度的两个新的公式。为验证两个公式的准确性，实际测量了标准黑体辐射源和在线黑体空腔传感器的腔体温度分布。用所建立的公式和以往间接法在同一条件下计算了上述各腔体的精度。     

金属防热瓦温度及发射率的测量

为了解决金属防热瓦在连续加热过程中热边表面温度和发射率的测量问题,基于多光谱辐射测温的参考温度数学模型,提出了一种数据处理方法。该方法假设材料的光谱发射率在选定的光谱处与温度有近似相同的线性关系,通过处理两个不同温度点处的多光谱测量数据,从而得到防热瓦的真温及光谱发射率。采用多光谱辐射高温计测量了某种防热瓦在900-1300℃的温度范围内的辐射,并进行数据处理。实验结果表明:只要温度估计初值与真实情况的误差在±200℃以内,即可得到较好的计算温度值和计算发射率值,测量不确定度在2%以内。     

金属防热瓦温度及发射率的测量

为了解决金属防热瓦在连续加热过程中热边表面温度和发射率的测量问题,基于多光谱辐射测温的参考温度数学模型,提出了一种数据处理方法。该方法假设材料的光谱发射率在选定的光谱处与温度有近似相同的线性关系,通过处理2个不同温度点处的多光谱测量数据,从而得到防热瓦的真温及光谱发射率。采用多光谱辐射高温计测量了某种防热瓦在900~1 300℃的温度范围内的辐射,并进行数据处理。实验结果表明:只要温度估计初值与真实情况的误差在±200℃以内,即可得到较好的计算温度值和计算发射率值,测量不确定度在2%以内。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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